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Arbutin powder, molecular formula C12H16O7, CAS 497-76-7, is a skin whitening active substance that combines the concepts of "green", "safe", and "efficient" as it originated from natural green plants. It is an ideal whitening agent for whitening cosmetics, with two optical isomers: α The isomer with biological activity is a type of isomer. At room temperature, it is a white slightly yellowish powder that is easily soluble in aqueous solutions of water, methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol. After dissolution, there is no precipitate and it is insoluble in chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, etc. It is added to many whitening and skincare products. It is named after its discovery from the leaves of the genus Ursa in the family Rhododendron. Later, it was found in the leaves of plants such as the Vaccinium in the family Rhododendron, the Pear tree in the family Rosaceae (Western pear, small mountain pear), and the Tiger Ear Grass in the family Tiger Ear Grass. After extraction, it is used as a medicinal and cosmetic additive.
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Chemical Formula |
C12H16O7 |
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Exact Mass |
272 |
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Molecular Weight |
272 |
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m/z |
272 (100.0%), 273 (13.0%), 274 (1.4%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 52.94; H, 5.92; O, 41.14 |
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Arbutin can be divided into α Type and β Both of them have the effect of inhibiting tyramine enzyme to achieve whitening. The most widely used are β Type, which has been studied in detail; And it is alleged that α Type add to β Type a can inhibit the production of tyraminase and achieve whitening effect at the concentration of 1/9, but detailed toxicological studies have not been seen.
Many additions α The skin care products of arbutin all demand that it has a whitening effect ten times higher than traditional arbutin. However, the actual efficacy has not been confirmed by clear data and experimental reports, but the whitening effect is still positive.
Most arbutin in the market is β- Arbutin, α- Arbutin is only produced by a few manufacturers, and the price is about 8 times that of the former. But the whitening effect is more than 15 times that of the former.
The biggest difference between the two in physical properties is the optical rotation: α- Arbutin is about 180 degrees, while β- Arbutin is about -60.
Synthetic arbutin powder: it exists in the whole plant of Saxifragaceae Saxifraga, the leaves of azalea blueberry and many other plants. It can also be chemically synthesized. After crushing and washing the bear fruit leaves, add water to boil them, extract them twice, combine the water extracts and concentrate them to syrup under reduced pressure, then add methanol to dissolve them, filter out the methanol insoluble substances, and recover the methanol under reduced pressure to form the crude arbutin. The pure arbutin can be obtained by decolorizing, filtering and recrystallizing with activated carbon in water.
Arbutin powder, also known as arbutin, is a natural active ingredient derived from the leaves of the Rhododendron family plant, the bear fruit (as well as other plants such as pears, wheat, etc.). Its chemical name is hydroquinone glucoside, which is a white powder with unique water solubility, making it widely used in various biological reagent fields.
Whitening and Skincare
One of the most significant applications of arbutin powder in the field of biological reagents is as a whitening ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products. Its whitening effect is mainly based on its ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin production, and arbutin reduces melanin production and achieves whitening effects by inhibiting its activity. This mechanism has been validated in multiple scientific studies, making it a highly anticipated whitening ingredient in the cosmetics industry.
(1) Skincare cream and spot removal cream: Arbutin powder can be formulated into skincare cream, spot removal cream and other products for beauty and skincare. Its whitening effect is significant, and it is not easily affected by factors such as light and heat, with good stability, so it is widely used in various whitening products.
(2) Advanced pearl cream: Arbutin powder is also used in the formula of advanced pearl cream and other products to further enhance the whitening effect of the products.
(3) Safety and applicability: The safety of arbutin powder during use has received widespread attention. It can function within a concentration range that does not have melanocyte toxicity, and is safe and non-toxic, with significant freckle removal effects. However, the effectiveness of using arbutin may vary for people with different skin types, so skin testing should be conducted before use to ensure it is suitable for one's skin type.
Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
In addition to its whitening effect, arbutin powder also exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it widely used in the pharmaceutical field.
Urinary tract disinfectant:
Arbutin powder has diuretic and urinary tract bactericidal functions, so it is used in urinary tract disinfectants. Its antibacterial effect helps reduce the risk of urinary tract infections and protect the health of the urinary system.
Anti inflammatory effect: Arbutin powder also has anti-inflammatory effects and can be used to treat various skin inflammations induced by ultraviolet radiation. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism may be related to regulating the expression of inflammation related genes, thereby alleviating skin inflammation symptoms.
Biomedical research
Arbutin powder also has important applications in the field of biomedical research. Its various biological activities make it a popular research object in the development of biomedical research projects and innovation of cutting-edge biological technologies.
Arbutin powder is used for content determination, identification, pharmacological experiments, and activity screening in scientific research experiments. Its unique biological activity makes it a potential candidate substance for researching new drugs and therapies.
Development of biopharmaceutical products: Through foreign trade transactions or export by foreign trade companies, supply international research institutions for project development, academic experience exchange, and production and development of new products by foreign terminal biotech companies. Arbutin powder has potential application value in the development of biopharmaceutical products and can be used to treat various diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Application of other biological reagents
In addition to the above applications, arbutin powder has various other applications in the field of biological reagents.
Arbutin powder can be used as a standard or reference substance for the content determination and identification of biological reagents. Its unique chemical structure and biological activity make it an ideal choice for these applications.
Activity screening: In the process of drug screening, arbutin powder can be used as a screening tool to screen compounds or drugs with specific biological activities. Its ability to inhibit tyrosinase activity makes it a potential candidate for screening whitening drugs or cosmetic ingredients.
Cell culture: Arbutin powder can also be used in cell culture as a nutrient or regulator for cell growth. Its biological activity helps promote cell growth and proliferation, thereby supporting biomedical research and product development.
Extraction and synthesis of arbutin powder
The extraction and synthesis technology of arbutin powder continues to advance, providing a stable source of raw materials for its application in cosmetics and other fields.
The main extraction methods for arbutin powder include plant extraction, plant cell culture, and artificial synthesis. The plant extraction method is complex and costly, while the plant cell culture method is more efficient. In addition, artificial synthesis is also an effective way to obtain arbutin. With the development of biotechnology, biotransformation has become a hot topic in current research. The biotransformation method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, strong reaction specificity, low environmental pollution, high substrate utilization rate, and high catalytic efficiency.
Currently, the main methods for synthesizing arbutin powder include chemical synthesis and biotransformation. The chemical synthesis of α - arbutin has problems such as poor stereoselectivity of the product, intense reaction conditions, and the production of a large number of by-products, as well as environmental pollution. The biotransformation method is more in line with the development concept of green and environmental protection, and is the main direction for the future synthesis of arbutin powder.
Cosmetic applications:
Arbutin in the field of cosmetics is particularly widely used
Whitening and spot removal:
It can efficiently whiten and remove spots, gradually lighten and get rid of freckles, chloasma, melanin pigmentation, acne and age spots on the skin. It achieves whitening effect by inhibiting the activity of melanin-producing enzyme tyrosinase and reducing the production of melanin.
Safety and compatibility:
It has high safety, no irritation, sensitization and other side effects, and good compatibility with all components of cosmetics. Meanwhile, it is stable to ultraviolet irradiation and suitable for use under various light conditions.
Moisturizing and anti-wrinkle:
In addition to whitening and spot removal, It also has moisturizing, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects. It can improve skin dryness, roughness and other problems, making the skin more delicate and smooth.
In addition to the above applications, It is also used in other fields. For example, it can be used as a catalyst or stabilizer for certain chemical reactions to improve the reaction efficiency and product stability. In addition, arbutin may also have potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities, these aspects of the application is under further study.
The process by which arbutin recognizes, differentiates and identifies tyrosinase inhibitors is based primarily on its properties as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase.
1. Chemical structure and properties of it
Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone with a variety of biological activities including tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The phenolic hydroxyl group in its chemical structure has the ability to bind to the active center of tyrosinase, which is the key to its ability to recognize tyrosinase and inhibit its activity.
2. Arbutin recognizes the principle of tyrosinase inhibitors
It can recognize tyrosinase inhibitors, mainly based on its ability to bind with tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the melanin synthesis process, and the structure of arbutin is similar to the melanin precursor L-tyrosine, so it is able to competitively bind to tyrosinase, thus inhibiting its activity.
3. Arbutin to distinguish tyrosinase inhibitor method
It to distinguish tyrosinase inhibitors is usually determined by experimental determination of its inhibitory activity. Specifically, different concentrations of arbutin can be measured on the degree of inhibition of tyrosinase activity, by comparing the inhibitory effect of different inhibitors, so as to distinguish the tyrosinase inhibitors.
4. Steps of identifying tyrosinase inhibitors by arbutin
Prepare experimental materials:
including arbutin, tyrosinase, substrate (such as L-tyrosine or L-DOPA) and the necessary reaction buffer.
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Setting up experimental conditions:
Determine the temperature, pH, reaction time and other conditions of the experiment to ensure the accuracy of the experimental results.
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Addition of inhibitors:
add different concentrations of arbutin or other inhibitors to be tested into the reaction system.
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Measurement of enzyme activity:
Calculate the activity of tyrosinase by measuring the consumption of substrate or the production of product in the reaction system.
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Data analysis:
Compare the degree of inhibition of tyrosinase activity by different concentrations of arbutin or other inhibitors to identify the tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Adverse reactions
Possible allergic reactions
As a natural ingredient, although relatively mild, some people may be allergic to arbutin. Allergic reactions may manifest as severe symptoms such as skin redness, itching, rash, and even shortness of breath. For first-time users or those with sensitive constitutions, it is recommended to conduct a skin test first. Apply a small amount of the product behind the ear or inside the wrist, observe for 24 hours without any abnormalities, and then use it comprehensively.
Skin irritation risk
Arbutin may decompose in acidic environments, producing hydroquinone (hydroquinone), which is somewhat irritating to the skin. If there is a stinging, burning or erythema sensation on the skin when using products containing arbutin, it may be caused by an acidic environment or high concentration of irritation. At this time, it should be stopped immediately and rinsed with clean water. If necessary, consult a dermatologist.
Potential photosensitivity issues
Although arbutin itself has low photosensitivity, the decomposition product hydroquinone may increase the sensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet radiation. After long-term use of high concentration arbutin products, if sun protection is not done properly, it may make the skin more prone to sunburn or pigmentation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen sun protection measures during the use of arbutin, such as applying sunscreen, wearing sun hats, etc.
Individual differences and special populations
There are differences in the tolerance of arbutin among different populations. Pregnant women, lactating women, and children, among other special populations, need to consult a professional doctor before use due to their special skin barrier function or physiological state. In addition, individuals with damaged skin barriers (such as eczema and dermatitis patients) should be extra cautious when using arbutin to avoid exacerbating symptoms.
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