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Indium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula InCl₃. Its common forms are white to pale yellow crystals or powders, and it is prone to moisture absorption and deliquescence. The anhydrous form has a layered structure, while the hydrate (such as InCl₃·4H₂O) is a colorless crystal. Indium chloride is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether solvents. The aqueous solution is acidic, and it may decompose and release hydrogen chloride gas when heated.
Main applications:
Semiconductor industry: As a precursor, it is used for the preparation of indium-based compound semiconductors (such as InP, InSb) andtransparent conductive films (ITO).
Organic synthesis: As a Lewis acid catalyst, it participates in reactions such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation and esterification.
Electrochemistry: Used for electroplating indium layers or synthesizing battery materials.
Research field: As an indium source in the synthesis of nanomaterials (such as quantum dots).
Safety and Storage:
Indium chloride is irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Protective equipment must be worn during handling. It should be stored in a sealed container in a dry environment and kept away from strong oxidants. Although its toxicity is relatively low, long-term exposure requires vigilance regarding the potential cumulative effects of indium. Waste should be treated as a heavy metal pollutant.
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C.F |
Cl3In |
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E.M |
220 |
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M.W |
221 |
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m/z |
220 (100.0%), 222 (95.9%), 224 (30.6%), 218 (4.5%), 220 (4.3%), 226 (3.3%), 222 (1.4%) |
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E.A |
Cl, 48.09; In, 51.91 |
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Melting point 262 °C ( dec. ) ( lit. ), Boiling point 300 ° C, Density 3.46 g / mL at 25 °C ( lit. ), Flash point 300 ° C subl., Storage conditions Inert atmosphere, Room temperature morphological powder, Color White to off-white, Proportion 3.46, Water soluble reactions, Sensitive Hygroscopic, Stability hygroscopic, InChIKeyPSCMQHVBLHHWTO-UHFFFAOYSA-K.
Indium chloride is a white solid with a strong pungent odor. It can dissolve in water and gradually absorb moisture in the air to form hydrates. At room temperature, indium chlorde exhibits diamagnetism, which means it is repelled by a magnetic field rather than attracted. The reason for the diamagnetism of indium chlorde is related to its electronic structure, where the electron configuration of indium ion (In ³ ⁺) is [Kr] 4d ¹⁰ 5s ² 5p ¹, and it only has one unpaired electron. Under the action of a magnetic field, this unpaired electron will spin up or down. In diamagnetic materials, the spin direction is random, thus weakening the total magnetic moment of the material in reverse, resulting in the diamagnetism of the material.
1. Improving the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials:
It can be used as an additive and added to ferromagnetic materials to improve their magnetic properties. Adding an appropriate amount of this substance to ferromagnetic materials can increase key magnetic properties such as magnetic saturation, coercivity, and permeability, thereby improving the magnetic properties of the material.
2. Regulating the crystal structure of ferromagnetic materials:
The addition of this substance can regulate the crystal structure of ferromagnetic materials. By changing factors such as the amount of product added and sintering process conditions, the grain size, crystal structure, and grain boundary characteristics of ferromagnetic materials can be affected, thereby regulating the magnetic and mechanical properties of the material.
3. Inhibiting the oxidation of ferromagnetic materials:
It can play a role in inhibiting oxidation in ferromagnetic materials. Due to its certain reducibility and oxidation inhibition ability, this chemical substance can react with oxygen in ferromagnetic materials to form compounds such as ferric chloride (FeCl2), thereby reducing the degree of oxidation of the material and extending its service life.
4. Improving the thermal stability of ferromagnetic materials:
Adding it can enhance the thermal stability of ferromagnetic materials. Under high temperature conditions, it can react with impurities such as oxygen and sulfur in ferromagnetic materials to form stable compounds, thereby reducing the impact of impurities on the magnetic properties of the material and improving its thermal stability and oxidation resistance.
China is rich in indium resources, but the current production of InCl 3 can only produce InCl 3 · 4H2O. High purity anhydrous InCl 3 must be imported, which is expensive. With the development of science and technology, the research and development of indium deep processing products has become an important topic in front of people.
1. Material preparation and modification
The application of indium chloride in semiconductor, optical, and electronic materials provides new ideas and methods for the preparation and modification of ferromagnetic materials. For example, semiconductor materials prepared by indium chlorde can form composite materials or heterostructures with ferromagnetic materials, thereby improving the performance of ferromagnetic materials or achieving new functions. In addition, indium chlorde can also be used as a catalyst or additive in the synthesis process of ferromagnetic materials to regulate their microstructure and magnetic properties.
2. Integration of electronic devices and systems
The application of indium chlorde in electronic materials provides support for the use of ferromagnetic materials in electronic devices and systems. For example, electronic materials such as ITO thin films prepared by indium chlorde can be used to manufacture display devices such as liquid crystal displays, which may work together with ferromagnetic materials in the same system to achieve specific functions. In addition, indium chlorde can also be used to manufacture energy conversion devices such as solar cells, which may interact or work together with ferromagnetic materials in the energy system to improve energy conversion efficiency.
3. Biomedical Applications and Interdisciplinary Studies
The application of indium chlorde in the biomedical field provides new possibilities for the application of ferromagnetic materials in the medical field. For example, radioactive isotope compounds prepared by indium chlorde can be used for the application of radioactive tracers in medical imaging or therapy, which may intersect or complement the application of ferromagnetic materials in medical imaging or therapy. In addition, indium chlorde can also be used to prepare biomedical materials such as biomolecule markers, which may have interdisciplinary research directions or application fields with ferromagnetic materials in biomedical research.
Potential effects in ferromagnetic materials
1. Promote the research and development of ferromagnetic materials
The application of indium chlorde in the fields of semiconductors, optics, and electronic materials provides new ideas and methods for the research of ferromagnetic materials. By drawing on the research achievements and technological means of indium chloride in these fields, the research and development of ferromagnetic materials can be promoted, and new ferromagnetic material systems or preparation processes can be explored to achieve higher magnetic properties and wider application areas.
2. Promote the composite and integration of ferromagnetic materials with other materials
The application of indium chlorde in material preparation and modification provides new possibilities for the composite and integration of ferromagnetic materials with other materials. Semiconductor materials, optical materials, or electronic materials prepared by indium chlorde can form composite materials or heterostructures with ferromagnetic materials, thereby achieving integration of multiple functions and optimization of performance. This composite and integration helps to improve the application performance and reliability of ferromagnetic materials in fields such as electronic devices, energy systems, or biomedical applications.
3. Expand the application fields of ferromagnetic materials
The application of indium chlorde in multiple fields provides new directions for the application of ferromagnetic materials. For example, in the biomedical field, radioactive isotope compounds prepared by indium chlorde can be used for applications in medical imaging or therapy, which may intersect or complement the application of ferromagnetic materials in medical imaging or therapy. In addition, the application of indium chlorde in energy systems, environmental monitoring, and intelligent manufacturing may also provide new opportunities and challenges for the application of ferromagnetic materials.
At present, the methods for preparing anhydrous InCl3 abroad mainly include direct chlorination of metal indium, decomposition chlorination of oxide and heating dehydration of hydrate. These preparation methods require high purity of raw materials and reagents, strict temperature control, complex equipment, low yield, difficult post-treatment and serious environmental pollution.
It has been reported that organic solvents such as amine, formamide and kerosene are used to remove crystal water from crystal chlorides to prepare anhydrous chlorides. Dehydration of MgCl2 · 2H2O with n-butanol to prepare anhydrous MgCl2 was also reported. This product is usually synthesized by direct reaction of indium and dry chlorine at 150 ~ 300 ° C. Or with indium trioxide and thionyl chloride. The pure product was purified by sublimation (300.degree. C.).
Indium dichloride synthesis method I:
1. Place indium trichloride and stoichiometric metal indium in a evacuated glass container. If they are completely melted, indium dichloride will be generated. The product can be refined by vacuum distillation.
2. While introducing hydrogen mixed with 15% hydrogen chloride, indium trichloride is heated to more than 600 ℃, and pure indium dichloride can be prepared by this reaction. At this time, it is heated with a weak red flame to make it react. It is not necessary to completely remove moisture and oxygen. The product was heated at a temperature slightly higher than the melting point for 15 min. Meanwhile, in order to remove hydrogen chloride, nitrogen can be slowly introduced. If the light yellow melt is cooled down, it solidifies into a glassy solid.
Indium trichloride is synthesized by direct reaction of indium metal and dry chlorine at 150 ~ 300 ℃. Or by reacting indium trioxide and thionyl chloride. The pure product was purified by sublimation (300 ℃).
Method 2 for the synthesis of indium dichloride:
The direct chlorination method of indium metal is a method for preparing metal chlorides, which generates corresponding chlorides by directly reacting the metal with chlorine gas.
Step 1: Prepare the required raw materials
Indium metal: with a purity of over 99.99%, usually provided in bulk or powder form.
Chlorine gas: With a purity of over 99.99%, it undergoes dehydration treatment to remove moisture from it.
Reactor: A reactor made of hard glass or quartz to ensure good chemical stability at high temperatures.
Auxiliary materials: high-temperature furnace, thermocouple, inert gas (such as argon or nitrogen), etc.
Step 2: Experimental preparation
Clean the reactor thoroughly to ensure there are no residues.
Place the metal indium into the reactor and ensure that it is evenly distributed at the bottom of the reactor.
Seal the reactor and introduce inert gas to remove air.
Check if the thermocouple is correctly placed in the reactor and connected to the temperature controller.
Step 3: Heating reaction
Heat the reactor to the desired temperature (usually 500-600 ℃).
When the temperature reaches the set value, introduce chlorine gas into the reactor to ensure that the chlorine gas is evenly distributed on the surface of the metal indium.
Observe the reaction situation. When the metal indium is completely converted to chloride (usually taking several hours), stop heating and let the reactor cool naturally.
During the cooling process, chlorine gas will gradually escape to obtain the required product.
The chemical equation is 3In+3Cl2 → InCl3
Step 4: Product Collection and Purification
After the reactor cools to room temperature, open the reactor and collect the generated product.
Preliminary purification of the collected product to remove impurities. Purification can be achieved through methods such as recrystallization and chromatographic separation.
Dry the purified indium chloride to remove any moisture.
Store the dried product in a dry and dark place to avoid moisture absorption and deterioration.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does indium stay in the body?
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Indium In 111 decays by electron capture with a physical half-life of 67.9 hours (2.8 days). The energies of the photons that are useful for detection and imaging studies are listed in Table 1. 1 Kocher, David C., "Radioactive Decay Data Tables", DOE/TIC- 11026, 115 (1981).
What is indium used for In medicine?
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Indium In-111 oxyquinoline is a radiopharmaceutical diagnostic agent used for radiolabeling autologous leukocytes as an adjunct in the detection of inflammatory processes to which leukocytes migrate.
How do humans use indium?
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Today, more than half of the indium used is for the production of electronics such as cell phone and TV screens, microchips, and solar panels. Indium tin oxide, a compound of indium, is transparent and conducts electricity. These properties make it perfect for use on cell phone screens.
Is indium poisonous?
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Indium has no known biological role. It is toxic if more than a few milligrams are consumed and can affect the development of an embryo or foetus.
What happens if we run out of indium?
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Have you ever imagined your smart phone or tablet without a touch screen? This could soon be the case if we run out of indium, one of the rarest minerals on Earth. Indium is used in many high-tech devices such as touch screens, smart phones, solar panels and smart windows, in the form of indium tin oxide.
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