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Sodium thiosulfate powder, also known as sodium sulfite, sodium bicarbonate and Haibo, is a common thiosulfate with the chemical formula of Na2S2O3. It is the product of sodium sulfate where one oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. Therefore, the oxidation numbers of the two sulfur atoms are - 2 and+6 respectively. Colorless or white crystalline powder, soluble in water and turpentine, insoluble in ethanol. It is mainly used as a fixing agent in the photographic industry. It is also used as reductant of dichromate, neutralizer of nitrogen-containing tail gas, mordant, bleaching agent of wheat straw and wool, and dechlorination agent for pulp bleaching. It is also used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead, dye intermediates, etc. and in the extraction of silver from ores.
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Chemical Formula |
Na2O3S2 |
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Exact Mass |
158 |
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Molecular Weight |
158 |
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m/z |
158 (100.0%), 160 (9.0%), 159 (1.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Na, 29.08; O, 30.36; S, 40.56 |
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Sodium thiosulfate powder (Na2S2O3), commonly known as baking soda or Haibo, is a colorless and transparent crystalline powder that is easily soluble in water and has strong reducing and chelating abilities. Its unique chemical properties make it play a key role in multiple fields such as healthcare, industry, agriculture, environmental protection, and analytical chemistry.
Medical field: dual roles of detoxification and skin treatment
Detoxification and emergency treatment
Cyanide poisoning: It is a potent antidote for cyanide poisoning. It converts highly toxic cyanide ions (CN ⁻) into low toxic thiocyanates (SCN ⁻) through sulfur transfer reaction, which are excreted from the body through the kidneys. The clinical use of the "sodium nitrite sodium thiosulfate" combination therapy first oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin with sodium nitrite, combines with cyanide ions to form cyanide methemoglobin, and then further detoxifies with sodium thiosulfate, significantly improving the success rate of rescue.
Heavy metal poisoning: For arsenic, mercury, lead and other heavy metal poisoning, soluble complexes are formed through chelation to promote excretion. For example, combining with mercury ions to generate HgS2O3 ² ⁻ reduces the toxicity of mercury and accelerates its excretion.
Antiallergy and Skin Disease Treatment
Allergic skin diseases: Relieve allergic symptoms such as urticaria and eczema by inhibiting histamine release. Clinically, intravenous injection or topical solution can quickly alleviate skin itching and redness.
Infectious skin diseases: A 10% -20% solution of sodium thiosulfate is effective against fungal or parasitic infections such as tinea versicolor and scabies. Its bactericidal mechanism may be related to the destruction of pathogen cell membranes or inhibition of enzyme activity.
Adjuvant therapy and symptom improvement
Kidney disease: can reduce urinary protein and improve symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, and its mechanism may be related to reducing oxidative stress damage.
Cardiovascular disease: In microcirculatory disorders, auxiliary treatment is achieved by dilating blood vessels and improving hemodynamics.
Industrial field: "universal auxiliary agent" for multi industry applications
Photography and Printing and Dyeing Industry
Fixing agent: It is the core component of traditional photographic film fixing. It reacts with unexposed silver halide (AgX) to form soluble silver complexes (Ag (S2O3) 2 ³ ⁻), thereby fixing the image.
Dechlorination agent: After bleaching cotton fabrics, sodium thiosulfate can neutralize residual chlorine gas, prevent fiber damage, and improve fabric softness and durability.
Electroplating and Metal Processing
Silver plating process: As a chelating agent for thiosulfate silver plating, sodium thiosulfate makes the coating crystal fine and evenly covered; As a brightener in cyanide silver plating, silver crystals can be oriented and arranged to obtain a bright coating.
Metal reduction: Metal ions can be reduced to elemental form for the preparation of surface coatings on workpieces, improving corrosion resistance and aesthetics.
Water treatment and gas purification
Dechlorination and sterilization: It is a commonly used dechlorination agent for drinking water and wastewater treatment, which can quickly remove residual chlorine; Simultaneously acting as a fungicide to inhibit microbial growth.
Copper corrosion inhibitor: In circulating cooling water, it can form a protective film with copper ions to prevent equipment corrosion.
Gas dechlorination: Used for the removal of hydrogen chloride from industrial gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen, protecting downstream catalysts from poisoning.
Paper and Leather Industry
Pulp dechlorination: It can neutralize residual chlorine after pulp bleaching, preventing paper from becoming brittle.
Dichromate reduction: In leather making, the dichromate produced during the tanning process is reduced to trivalent chromium to enhance the softness of the leather.
Agriculture: A 'Green Assistant' for Water Quality Improvement and Crop Protection
Water quality regulation in aquaculture
Detoxification and heavy metal removal: Sodium thiosulfate can degrade toxins such as cyanide and organophosphate insecticides in fish ponds, and reduce heavy metal toxicity through ion exchange. For example, reacting with copper ions to generate CuS precipitation reduces water pollution.
Nitrite degradation: In aquaculture water, nitrite (NO2 ⁻) can be rapidly reduced to nitrogen (N2), reducing the risk of fish poisoning.
Residual chlorine removal: After clearing the pond, use it to neutralize the residual chlorine agents such as bleach powder, and release the fish into the pond in advance to shorten the breeding cycle.
Cooling and bottom heat removal: During high temperature seasons, it can absorb the heat from the bottom of the pond to alleviate oxygen deficiency, but it needs to be used in conjunction with an aerator to avoid a decrease in dissolved oxygen.
Crop protection and soil improvement
Insecticides and fungicides: Sodium thiosulfate powder can be used to synthesize insecticides such as imidacloprid and fenitrothion, with stomach toxicity, contact killing, and systemic absorption effects, effectively preventing and controlling rice borers and fruit tree pests.
Soil improvement: It can adjust the soil pH value, promote the precipitation of heavy metal ions, reduce crop absorption, and lower the risk of heavy metal residues in agricultural products.
Environmental Protection: The 'Clean Guardian' of Wastewater Treatment and Gas Purification
Cyanide containing wastewater treatment
It is a commonly used reagent for the treatment of cyanide containing wastewater. It converts cyanide into non-toxic substances through a two-step reaction:
Step 1: Under alkaline conditions, cyanide (CN ⁻) is oxidized by chlorine gas to cyanate (CNO ⁻).
Step 2: React with cyanate to generate thiocyanate (SCN ⁻) and sulfate (SO4 ² ⁻), ultimately achieving harmless treatment.
Industrial wastewater decolorization
Reductability can destroy the molecular structure of dyes and reduce the color of wastewater. For example, in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, it reacts with reactive dyes to produce colorless products, which improves the water quality compliance rate.
Gas desulfurization and dechlorination
Natural gas purification: It can absorb hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) from natural gas to prevent pipeline corrosion and catalyst poisoning.
Dechlorination of naphtha: In petroleum refining, sodium thiosulfate can remove organic chlorine from naphtha, ensuring stable operation of downstream units.
In agricultural production, adverse conditions such as salt stress often lead to damage to crop cell membrane structures and exacerbated oxidative stress, subsequently inhibiting growth and even causing death. Recent studies have shown that foliar spraying of sodium thiosulfate can significantly enhance crop stress resistance by regulating the sulfur metabolism pathway. Specifically, as an exogenous sulfur source, sodium thiosulfate can be rapidly absorbed by leaves and converted into sulfur-containing compounds such as cysteine, thereby promoting the synthesis of antioxidant substances such as glutathione (GSH).
Preparation of sodium thiosulfate:
Sodium sulfate neutralization method: when the main components are sodium sulfide and a small amount of sodium carbonate waste.
Alkali sulfide method: the raw material liquid prepared from the evaporation residue of alkali sulfide and barium sulfide wastewater (containing sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide) reacts with sulfur dioxide. After clarification, sulfur powder is added for heating reaction. After evaporation, cooling crystallization, washing, separation and screening, the finished sodium thiosulfate is prepared.
Dehydration method: the crystallization of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is indirectly heated by steam to make it dissolve in its own crystal water. After concentration, centrifugal dehydration, drying and screening, anhydrous sodium thiosulfate is prepared.
The raw material used for preparing anhydrous sodium thiosulfate is sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate. Heat the pure sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate crystal to make it completely dissolved in its own crystal water, heat and concentrate it below 100 ℃, separate the crystal when a large amount of anhydrous crystals are precipitated, and dry it below 100 ℃.
Comprehensive method: the main components are sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sulfur and a small amount of sodium hydroxide. After vacuum evaporation, activated carbon decolorization, filter pressing, cooling, crystallization, centrifugal dehydration and screening, the feed liquid is the finished product.
Sodium thiosulfate powder method: the soda ash solution reacts with sulfur dioxide gas, adds caustic soda for neutralization, adds sodium sulfide to remove impurities, filters, and then dissolves sulfur powder in hot sodium sulfite solution for reaction. After filtering, removing impurities, filtering, adding caustic soda for alkali treatment, the finished sodium thiosulfate is prepared through concentration, filtering, crystallization, centrifugal dehydration, and screening.
Chemical properties of sodium thiosulfate:
Natrium thiosulfate is a reducing agent with medium strength. For example, it can be oxidized by chlorine:
Na2S2O3+4Cl2+5H2O=Na2SO4+H2SO4+8HCl
In the textile and paper industry, sodium thiosulfate is used as the dechlorination agent. For another example, it can be oxidized by iodine into sodium ditetrasulfate: Na2S2O3+I2=Na2S4O6+2Nal
This reaction is used in analytical chemistry to quantitatively determine iodine. It can also be used for tanning, extracting silver from ores, etc. As there is sulfur in different oxidation states in the molecule of sodium thiosulfate, it is stable in alkaline medium and unstable in acidic medium. During acidification, a Chemicalbook oxidation-reduction reaction occurs to release sulfur:
Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+H2S2O3H2S2O3=H2SO3+SH2SO3=H2O+S02
Thiosulfate ions have coordination and can form stable complexes with some metal ions. For example, silver bromide can be dissolved in sea wave aqueous solution to generate stable [Ag (S2O3)2]3-complex ions: AgBr+2Na2S2O3 ＝ Na3 [Ag (S2O3)2]+NaBr.
Therefore, sea wave is often used as a photographic fixer. Natrium thiosulfate can be prepared by co boiling sodium sulfite and sulfur, filtering, evaporation and crystallization.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does sodium thiosulfate affect pH?
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PH adjustment: Sodium thiosulfate can be used to adjust the pH of process water. It is a weak acid, so it can lower the pH of alkaline water. It is also a weak base, so it can raise the pH of acidic water.
Can sodium thiosulfate cause acidosis?
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Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is used as an off-label drug for its management. Although STS is considered overall safe, anion gap metabolic acidosis (AGMA) can be its rare but life-threatening complication.
Is sodium thiosulfate safe in food?
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Sodium thiosulfate is a common food additive. It's been found to be generally safe by health authorities like the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in appropriate amounts to preserve foods.
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