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Tyramine hydrochloride, with the molecular formula C8H11NO · HCl, can also be expressed as C8H12ClNO, CAS 60-19-5, At room temperature and pressure, it is a white to off white crystalline solid with certain hygroscopicity. Belonging to a type of serotonin hydrochloride, it is an amino alcohol compound that can be broken down by an enzyme called MAO (monoamine oxidase). It has certain applications in basic biochemical research and drug molecule synthesis. Salt is soluble in both water and ethanol. It is soluble in methanol, but slightly soluble in chloroform, isopropanol, and acetate. Insoluble in glacial acetic acid and acetone. Its aqueous solution exhibits a neutral reaction. It can be obtained by reacting 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile or 4-hydroxyphenethylazone as raw materials, or by reacting tyramine with its oxalate intermediate and hydrogen chloride in ethanol, mainly used as a chemical intermediate.

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Chemical Formula |
C8H12ClNO |
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Exact Mass |
173 |
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Molecular Weight |
174 |
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m/z |
173 (100.0%), 175 (32.0%), 174 (8.7%), 176 (2.8%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 55.34; H, 6.97; Cl, 20.42; N, 8.07; O, 9.21 |
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Sources of Tyramine Hydrochloride
● Natural Sources
Tyramine is naturally present in a wide variety of foods, and thus tyramine hydrochloride can be derived from these natural sources. Foods rich in tyramine include aged cheeses (such as cheddar, blue cheese, and parmesan), cured meats (like salami, pepperoni, and bacon), fermented foods (including sauerkraut, kimchi, and soy sauce), and certain fruits (such as banananas, avocados, and figs). During the aging, curing, or fermentation processes, the amino acid tyrosine in these foods is converted to tyramine by microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast.
● Synthetic Production
In addition to natural sources, tyramine hydrochloride can also be synthesized in the laboratory. The synthesis typically starts with tyrosine or its derivatives. One common method involves the decarboxylation of tyrosine to form tyramine, followed by the reaction of tyramine with hydrochloric acid to produce tyramine hydrochloride. The synthetic production allows for the production of high - purity tyramine hydrochloride, which is essential for pharmaceutical and research applications.

Tyramine Hydrochloride is an important chemical substance with a wide range of applications in various fields.
Biochemical research and experimental applications
(1) Biochemical experimental reagents
In biochemical experiments, it is commonly used as a substrate or reagent for analyzing and detecting specific biochemical reactions. For example, in the tyrosinase activity assay, it can be used as a substrate to evaluate the activity level of tyrosinase by observing the conversion rate of the substrate. This experimental method is of great significance for studying the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of tyramine in organisms.
(2) Synthesis and Modification of Biomolecules
It can also be used for the synthesis and modification experiments of biomolecules. Through specific chemical reactions, it can be introduced into biomolecules to alter their chemical properties and biological activity. This modification method can be used to prepare biomolecule probes or drug molecules with specific functions, providing powerful tools for biomedical research.
Medical research and clinical application
(1) Research on the Neurotransmitter System
As a biogenic amine, it plays an important role in the neurotransmitter system. Therefore, it is often used in pharmaceutical research to study the synthesis, release, and regulatory mechanisms of neurotransmitters. By observing its interaction with neurotransmitter related receptors, we can gain a deeper understanding of the functional abnormalities and disease mechanisms of the nervous system, providing new ideas and methods for the treatment of neurological diseases.
(2) Research on the Mechanism of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Metastasis
Research has shown that it has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. In pharmaceutical research, this characteristic can be utilized to study the growth and invasion mechanisms of tumor cells, providing a theoretical basis for the development of anti-tumor drugs. In addition, it can also serve as an adjuvant for anti-tumor drugs, enhancing their efficacy and reducing side effects.
(3) Functional food and drug preparation
It is also widely used in the field of medicine and food. Adding it to some functional foods can help regulate human physiological functions and enhance human immunity. In addition, it can also be used to prepare drugs for treating neurological disorders, such as antidepressants, anti anxiety drugs, etc. These drugs have broad application prospects in clinical practice.
Food processing and preservation applications
(1) Food flavoring agent
It has a unique aroma and taste, and is often used as a food additive to improve the flavor of food. Adding this substance during the processing of dairy products, meat products, baked goods, etc. can increase the aroma and taste of the food, and improve consumer acceptance. This aroma enhancing effect is particularly evident in fermented foods such as cheese, sausages, beer, etc.
(2) Food preservatives
It also has certain antibacterial and preservative effects, which can be used to extend the shelf life of food. Adding it to pickled foods, canned foods, etc. can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms and prevent food spoilage. This anti-corrosion effect not only extends the shelf life of food, but also maintains its nutritional content and taste.
(3) Nutritional supplements
Tyramine is an important nutrient that has a positive effect on human health. It participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and is crucial for maintaining the normal function of the nervous system. Therefore, in some special foods such as nutritional supplements and infant formula, adding them can meet the body's nutritional needs. This nutritional supplement method helps improve people's health status and enhance their quality of life.
Chemical Synthesis and Industrial Applications
(2) Catalyst or catalyst precursor
In certain chemical synthesis processes, it can also be used as a catalyst or catalyst precursor. Through catalytic action, the rate of chemical reactions can be accelerated, and the selectivity and yield of products can be improved. This catalytic effect has wide application value in fields such as organic synthesis and drug synthesis.
(3) Application of dye industry
It is also applied in the dye industry. It can be used as a synthetic raw material or intermediate for dye molecules, participating in the synthesis and modification process of dyes. By adjusting its structure and properties, dye molecules with specific colors and properties can be prepared to meet the needs of different fields for dyes.
Other applications
In addition to the aforementioned applications, it also has a wide range of applications in other fields. For example:
(1) In the field of analytical chemistry
It can be used as a standard or reference substance in analytical chemistry, for calibrating instruments, validating analytical methods, etc. By comparing the differences in properties between the sample and the standard, qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed on the sample.
(2) Environmental Science Field
It also has applications in the field of environmental science. It can be used as an indicator or marker of environmental pollutants for monitoring and evaluating the degree and scope of environmental pollution. By observing its distribution and changes in the environment, we can gain a deeper understanding of the sources, migration, and transformation mechanisms of environmental pollution.


(3) Materials Science Field
It can also be used to prepare materials with special properties. For example, by compounding or modifying it with other materials, materials with excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and other properties can be prepared. These materials have broad application prospects in fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, aerospace, etc.
Tyroamine hydrochloride is a chemical substance with broad application prospects. It plays an important role in biochemical research and experimental applications, pharmaceutical research and clinical applications, food processing and preservation applications, chemical synthesis and industrial applications, and other fields. In the future, with the continuous advancement of science and technology and the increasing demand for quality of life, its application fields will become more extensive and in-depth. At the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen its security assessment and supervision work to ensure its safe application in various fields.

The oil-water partition coefficient is a measure used to describe the ability of a substance to partition between oil and water phases. The logarithmic value of the oil-water partition coefficient for casein hydrochloride has not been determined.
The explosive limit is the concentration range within which a substance forms a combustible mixture in air and explodes. The upper and lower explosive limits of casein hydrochloride have not been determined.
Surface tension refers to the phenomenon where the intermolecular distance between molecules in the liquid surface layer is greater than the intermolecular distance inside the liquid. The intermolecular forces exhibit mutual attraction, indicating the existence of tension between molecules in the liquid surface layer. The surface tension of casein hydrochloride is not directly given a specific value, but can be indirectly inferred through its molecular structure and chemical properties. There are literature reports that its surface tension is 48.3 dyne/cm (but please note that this value may vary depending on the measurement method and conditions).
Polarization rate is a physical quantity that describes the degree of polarization of a substance under the action of an electric field. The specific value of the polarizability of casein hydrochloride is not directly given, but it can be indirectly inferred through its molecular structure and chemical properties. There are literature reports that its polarization rate is 16.34 × 103 (but please note that this value may vary depending on the measurement method and conditions).
Tyramine hydrochloride is a compound with diverse chemical properties, natural and synthetic sources, significant physiological effects, and a wide range of applications. Its interaction with the MAO system and adrenergic receptors makes it an important molecule in the fields of pharmacology, neuroscience, and cardiovascular research. In the food industry, it poses both a safety concern and a potential flavor - enhancing agent. While it has valuable applications, safety considerations must be taken into account, especially for individuals taking MAOIs and those handling the compound in laboratory or industrial settings. By understanding the various aspects of tyramine hydrochloride, we can better utilize its benefits while minimizing its risks.
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