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Bauxite powder appears white or light gray, light green or light red due to impurities. Glass luster, cleavage surface pearl luster. Transparent to semi transparent. Very complete. The hardness ranges from 2.5 to 3.5. The relative density ranges from 2.30 to 2.43. It smells like mud. Colorless under polarizing film. In fact, it refers to the general term for ores that can be used in industry, mainly composed of long arm magnets and feldspar. Bauxite is the best raw material for aluminum production and also the most important application field. Its consumption accounts for over 90% of the total global bauxite production. The application areas include metals and non metals. It is the best raw material for producing aluminum metal and also the most important application field. Its consumption accounts for over 90% of the total global bauxite production. Bauxite accounts for a small proportion in non-metallic applications, but is widely used. Used for national defense, aviation, automotive, electrical, chemical, daily necessities, etc.
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Chemical Formula |
C2H4Al2O |
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Exact Mass |
98 |
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Molecular Weight |
98 |
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m/z |
98 (100.0%), 99 (2.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 24.51; H, 4.11; Al, 55.06; O, 16.32 |
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Bauxite powder is a general term for ores mainly composed of trihydrate alumina, monohydrate soft alumina, or monohydrate hard alumina. As an indispensable strategic mineral resource in the global industrial system, its application fields cover two dimensions: metal smelting and non-metallic materials, and it occupies a key position in the national economy and defense construction.
1. Extraction of alumina and electrolytic production of aluminum
Bauxite is the best raw material for extracting metallic aluminum, with approximately 76% of the world's bauxite used in this field. The extraction process includes two core stages: alumina extraction and electrolytic aluminum production
Alumina extraction (dominated by Bayer process)
Raw material processing: Bauxite is roughly crushed to 100-300mm by a jaw crusher, and then finely crushed to 10-50mm by a combination of a cone/impact crusher and an impact crusher. Finally, it is ground into a fine slurry with a proportion of 60-80% at -0.074mm by a ball mill.
High pressure leaching: The slurry reacts with sodium hydroxide at 230-260 ℃ and 3-4MPa to convert alumina into sodium aluminate solution, while adding lime to inhibit silicon dissolution and reduce impurities.
Red mud separation: Red mud containing impurities such as iron and titanium is separated by settling tanks and filters, and anti-seepage storage is required to prevent pollution.
Seed decomposition: After cooling, the mother liquor is added with aluminum hydroxide seeds to induce the decomposition of sodium aluminate and the precipitation of aluminum hydroxide.
Calcination: Aluminum hydroxide is calcined at a high temperature of 1200 ℃ to produce metallurgical grade alumina (α - Al ₂ O3 content>98%).
Alternative process: For high silicon and low-grade ores, the alkali lime sintering method obtains aluminum hydroxide by mixing sodium carbonate and limestone for sintering, followed by leaching, carbon and other steps, but with higher energy consumption.
Electrolytic aluminum production (Hall Hertzsprung process)
Electrolytic cell structure: Prebaked anode electrolytic cell is the mainstream equipment, using cryolite (Na ∝ AlF ₆) as the flux to dissolve alumina, and adding aluminum fluoride to adjust the melting point to 940-980 ℃.
Electrode reaction: Liquid aluminum (Al ³ ⁺+3e ⁻ → Al (l)) precipitates at the cathode, and the anode carbon block reacts with oxygen ions to generate carbon dioxide (2O ² ⁻+C-4e ⁻ → CO ₂ ↑), which needs to be replaced regularly.
Total reaction: 2Al ₂ O3+3C → 4Al+3CO ₂ ↑, electricity consumption per ton of aluminum is 12500-14500kWh, with electricity costs accounting for over 40%.
Environmental protection treatment: Purification of fluorine-containing gases through dry (alumina adsorption) or wet (alkali washing) methods to reduce carbon emissions (12-14 tons of CO ₂ per ton of aluminum).
2. Aluminum alloy preparation and high-end applications
Aluminum metal has become the second largest metal material after steel due to its low density (2.7g/cm ³), excellent electrical and thermal conductivity (35.5 × 10 ⁶ S/m), and strong corrosion resistance
In the field of architecture, it accounts for more than 25% of aluminum consumption and is used for door and window frames, curtain wall structures, and decorative materials. For example, the energy-saving efficiency of broken bridge aluminum alloy doors and windows is increased by 30%.
Transportation: accounting for 35% of consumption, using 1kg of aluminum in car lightweighting can reduce weight by 2.2kg and fuel consumption by 7%; Aluminum lithium alloys in the aerospace field reduce the weight of aircraft structures by 10-15%.
Packaging materials: accounting for 20% of consumption, aluminum foil thickness can be as low as 0.006mm, used for food packaging, drug moisture-proof and cigarette soft packaging, with a recycling rate of over 90%.
Power electronics: accounting for 15% of consumption, high-voltage transmission lines use aluminum stranded wire (such as LGJ-240/30 type wire with a current carrying capacity of 610A), and the heat dissipation efficiency of 5G base station radiators is improved by 40% using aluminum profiles.
Non metallic field: the source of multifunctional materials
1. Refractory materials: the cornerstone of high-temperature industry
High alumina alumina clinker (Al ₂ O Ⅲ content>60%) has a refractoriness of 1780 ℃, strong chemical stability, and is widely used in:
Steel metallurgy: accounting for 60% of refractory material consumption, used for blast furnace lining, torpedo tank cars, and continuous casting intermediate ladle, with a service life of over 2 years.
Cement kiln: High alumina bricks are used in the transition zone of the rotary kiln, which improves thermal shock resistance by 50% and reduces energy consumption per ton of cement by 3%.
Glass melting furnace: The wall of the oxygen combustion furnace pool is made of fused zirconia corundum bricks (containing 50% Al ₂ O3), which increases the corrosion resistance by three times.
Aluminum silicate fiber: made by melting and blowing in an electric arc furnace at 2000-2200 ℃, with a thermal conductivity of 0.03-0.06W/(m · K), used for spacecraft thermal protection systems.
3. Chemicals: The Core of Industrial Catalysis and Environmental Protection
Activated alumina: specific surface area 300-500m ²/g, used for:
The carrier of petroleum cracking catalyst (such as ZSM-5 molecular sieve) can increase gasoline yield by 8%.
Fluoride removal from drinking water (adsorption capacity 1.5mg/g), with effluent fluoride content<1.0mg/L.
Transformer oil drying (moisture content<10ppm) increases insulation strength by 50%.
Aluminum compounds:
Aluminum sulfate (Al ₂ (SO ₄) ∝) is used for paper sizing (enhancing paper water resistance), with a consumption of 15kg per ton of paper.
Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is used for wastewater treatment (COD removal rate of 60-90%), with a dosage reduced by 30% compared to traditional aluminum salts.
Bauxite powder (AlCl3) as a catalyst for Friedel Crafts reaction can increase the yield of synthesized dye intermediates (such as Disperse Red 3B) by 15%.
2. Grinding materials: sharp tools for precision machining
After ultrafine grinding (D50<5 μ m), bauxite clinker is used for:
Grinding wheel manufacturing: Brown corundum grinding wheel (Al ₂ O ∝ content 95%) is used for grinding automobile engine crankshafts, with a machining accuracy of Ra0.4 μ m.
Polishing powder: High purity alumina micro powder (particle size 1-3 μ m) is used for polishing optical lenses, reducing the surface roughness to λ/10 (λ=632.8nm).
Sandblasting cleaning: Recycling bauxite tailings to prepare sandblasting media, reducing costs by 40%, suitable for ship rust removal (Sa2.5 grade).
4. Ceramics and Glass: The Fusion of Structure and Function
Ceramic industry:
High alumina porcelain (with Al ₂ O3 content of 75-90%) is used to manufacture spark plugs (with heat shock resistance>800 ℃), with a service life of over 100000 kilometers.
99 ceramic (with Al ₂ O3 content ≥ 99%) is used for integrated circuit substrates, with a thermal expansion coefficient of 7.2 × 10 ⁻⁶/℃ and high compatibility with silicon chips.
Glass industry:
Adding 3-5% Al ₂ O3 can increase the melting point of glass (from 1450 ℃ to 1550 ℃), and is used for high-pressure sodium lamp glass (pressure resistance of 10MPa).
Aluminum silicate glass (with 20% Al ₂ O3 content) is used for mobile phone cover plates, with a Mohs hardness of 7 and a 3-fold increase in scratch resistance.
5. Cement and Building Materials: Supporting Infrastructure
High alumina cement (Al ₂ O3 content 40-75%):
The 3-day intensity reaches 50MPa and is used for emergency repair projects (such as road repair in earthquake stricken areas), reducing the construction period by 70%.
Resistant to sulfate corrosion (with a strength loss of less than 10% after soaking in a 5% Na ₂ SO ₄ solution for 1 year), suitable for chemical equipment foundations.
Aluminate cement:
Used in combination with Portland cement to prepare self leveling mortar (flowability>220mm), with a 24-hour compressive strength>20MPa.
1. New energy materials
Lithium ion battery:
Aluminum foil serves as the positive electrode current collector (thickness 12 μ m), accounting for 5-8% of the battery weight. Increasing conductivity by 10% can reduce internal resistance by 15%.
Bauxite lithium extraction technology (such as adsorption method) achieves a lithium recovery rate of 85% and is used for the production of power battery grade lithium carbonate.
Hydrogen energy storage and transportation:
Aluminum based alloys (such as AlH3) have a hydrogen storage density of up to 10wt% and are used in car hydrogen systems (pressure 35MPa), increasing the range by 40%.
2. Environmentally friendly materials
Adsorbent:
The modified bauxite has an adsorption capacity of 50mg/g for heavy metal ions such as Pb ² ⁺ and Cd ² ⁺, reducing the cost of wastewater treatment by 30%.
Bauxite based catalysts (such as Fe/Al ₂ O3) are used for VOCs catalytic oxidation, with a conversion rate greater than 95% and a temperature window widened to 200-400 ℃.
Catalyst carrier:
Bauxite derived γ - Al ₂ O3 is used for automobile exhaust purification (such as SCR catalysts), with NOx conversion efficiency greater than 90% and sulfur poisoning resistance increased by 2 times.
3. 3D printing materials
Ceramic slurry:
High alumina ceramic paste (with a solid content of 70%) is used for photo curing 3D printing, with a molding accuracy of ± 0.1mm, and is used for the preparation of thermal barrier coatings for aviation blades.
Metal powder:
Aerosol aluminum powder (D50=20 μ m) is used for selective laser melting (SLM), with a density of over 99.5% and a tensile strength of 380MPa.
The invention relates to a method for preparing refined fine ore from bauxite powder. The following steps are included:
(1) Dry bauxite ore to reduce its moisture content below 5% to obtain dry lump ore;
(2) Grind the dry lump ore obtained in step (1) to make the ore fineness reach 100 μ M accounts for 70%~80%, and raw fine ore is obtained;
(3) The raw fine ore obtained in step (2) is preheated in a low temperature system of 300~400 ℃ and calcined in a medium high temperature system of 600~950 ℃ in order to remove water, sulfur and organic carbon from the raw fine ore to obtain fine fine ore. The preparation process of the invention is simple, easy to operate and manage, and can rapidly and synchronously remove various impurities in the ore, so as to improve the quality of the ore product.
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