Gentamycin Sulfate is a common antibiotic. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and can be given intravenously, intramuscularly or orally. Its chemical name is (3R,4R,5R)-2-(Aminoacetamido)-5-[[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]oxycarbamoyl]-3-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]- 6-methyl-oxane-4-carboxylic acid sulfate.
The molecular formula of Gentamycin Sulfate is C21H43N5O7S and the corresponding molecular weight is 547.62 g/mol. It is composed of a pyrazine ring, two amino groups in a macrocycle, a glycosidic bond and a sulfate group. Gentamycin Sulfate has multiple ionizable functional groups, including two protonated nitrogen atoms, two hydroxyl groups, one carboxyl group and one sulfate group. Due to the diversity of its molecular structure, Gentamycin Sulfate has a wide range of applications in the fields of life science and clinical pharmacy.
Here's what Gentamicin Sulfate is used for:
1. Urogenital infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can be used for the treatment of urinary tract infection in horses, genitourinary system infections (such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, etc.), birds and other poultry urinary tract infections.
2. Respiratory system infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can be used to treat respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, respiratory infections, etc.
3. Eye infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can be used to treat eye infections, such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, etc.
4. Bone and joint infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can be used to treat bone and joint infections, such as suppurative osteomyelitis, arthritis, etc.
5. Skin and soft tissue infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can be used to treat various skin and soft tissue infections, such as cellulitis, gangrene, burns, etc.
6. Surgery to prevent infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate can also be used to prevent infection in surgery, because patients are susceptible to bacterial infection during surgery, so Gentamicin Sulfate is often used to prevent infection before or during surgery.
7. Blood infection:
Gentamicin Sulfate is also used to treat blood infections such as sepsis.
In summary, Gentamicin Sulfate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can be used to treat a variety of infections. When using Gentamicin Sulfate to treat infection, attention should be paid to the dosage and course of treatment. Adverse reactions include nephrotoxicity and hearing impairment. If adverse reactions occur, seek medical treatment in time.
Gentamicin Sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic mainly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The synthetic method of Gentamicin Sulfate is different from other aminoglycoside antibiotics, it requires multi-step reaction synthesis, and requires multiple modification and purification of the compound. Several main synthetic methods of Gentamicin Sulfate will be introduced below.
The first synthetic method is to prepare Gentamicin Sulfate by free radical reaction. First, 3-amino-1-propanol and diethyl succinate were alkylated under the reaction conditions of sodium borohydride/sodium hydroxide/1,4-dioxane (DME) to obtain 2- N,N-Dimethylamino-1,3-propanediol diacetate. Then, the product was subjected to quaternary ammonium exchange reaction with phenylhydrazine in methanol aqueous solution to obtain 2-amino-2-demethylheptane-1,3-diol. Next, the product was epoxidized with ethyl methacrylate under the action of zinc powder to obtain 2-carboxymethyl-2-demethylheptane-1,3-diol ethyl ester. Finally, the product was acylated with other heptane sugar antibiotics in a water/ethanol mixed solvent, followed by subsequent acidolysis and sulfonation to obtain the aminoglycoside antibiotic Gentamicin Sulfate (Wang W. et al., 2015).
The second synthesis method is to extract Gentamicin Sulfate through microbial fermentation. The method is to cultivate the microbial strains producing Gentamicin Sulfate in a culture medium containing appropriate amount of nutrients, and then extract and separate Gentamicin Sulfate. The microbial strain represented by Micromonospora purpurea is one of the main production strains of Gentamicin Sulfate, which can grow on a medium rich in carbon and nitrogen sources and produce Gentamicin Sulfate. The steps of fermentative production of Gentamicin Sulfate generally include pretreatment of microbial strains, fermentation, separation and purification, and other processes. This method has the advantages of wide sources, high raw material utilization rate and high product purity, but the process is complicated and the production investment is large, so the price is high (Tan S., et al., 2010).
The third synthesis method is to prepare Gentamicin Sulfate by chemical synthesis. This method needs to synthesize multiple heptose molecules through acid catalysis, glycosidation reaction and hydroxyethylation reaction. First, heptose is glycosylated by an acid-catalyzed reaction to synthesize the skeleton of Gentamicin Sulfate; then, under the conditions of the Diels-Alder reaction, the enol on the skeleton of Gentamicin Sulfate is reacted with formaldehyde to form a terpene intermediate; Next, the terpene intermediate was esterified with diethyl 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxobutyrate, and converted to the corresponding methacrylate with cyanobiguanide; finally, by reduction, epoxy Gentamicin Sulfate can be prepared through reactions such as oxidation, dilute acid hydrolysis, and sulfonation.
In a word, Gentamicin Sulfate can be synthesized by various methods such as free radical reaction, microbial fermentation and chemical synthesis. Among them, microbial fermentation is the most widely used synthetic method, but due to the complicated production process and high cost, the price of this product is relatively high. The chemical synthesis method has the advantages of short production cycle and low cost, but compared with microbial fermentation, the product quality and yield of the chemical method are reduced.
Chemical properties:
1. Solubility:
Gentamycin Sulfate is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol and ethanol. It can exist stably in 1mol/L hydrochloric acid and 1mol/L sodium hydroxide.
2. Stability:
The stability of Gentamycin Sulfate varies with temperature and pH. It has good stability under acidic conditions (pH 4.5-5.5) and low temperature (4°C), but it is easy to decompose at room temperature and alkaline conditions (pH>7). In addition, Gentamycin Sulfate is also sensitive to light and oxygen.
3. Physical and chemical properties:
Gentamycin Sulfate is white or off-white crystal, odorless, sweet, alkaline solution with certain efficacy. Its specific rotation is +104° to +120°, without mesoform. Gentamycin Sulfate shows some characteristic peaks in the infrared spectrum, such as hydroxyl vibration peak and sulfate vibration peak.
Pharmacodynamics:
Gentamycin Sulfate has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and is effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. It can be used to treat various infections caused by sensitive bacteria, such as urinary tract infection, bone and joint infection, pneumonia, sepsis, etc.
In conclusion, the molecular structure and chemical properties of Gentamycin Sulfate often affect its application in the field of pharmacy. For pharmacists, understanding its chemical properties will help to better understand the properties and characteristics of the compound, so as to exert its curative effect and reduce potential side effects.