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Aluminum chloride powder is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlCl3 and is a white crystalline powder. When the vapor of aluminum chloride is dissolved in a non-polar solvent or in a molten state, it exists as a covalent dimer (al2cl6). Is a compound of chlorine and aluminum. Aluminum chlorid has a low melting point and boiling point, and it will sublime and is a covalent compound. Molten aluminum chlorid is not easy to conduct electricity, unlike most salts containing halogen ions (such as sodium chloride). Soluble in water and many organic solvents. The aqueous solution is acidic. In the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, the mixture of aluminum chlorid and aluminum can be used to synthesize bis (aromatic) metal complexes. For example, diphenyl chromium is prepared by Fischer Hafner synthesis through specific metal halides.
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Chemical Formula |
AlCl3 |
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Exact Mass |
132 |
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Molecular Weight |
133 |
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m/z |
132 (100.0%), 134 (95.9%), 136 (30.6%), 138 (3.3%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Al, 20.24; Cl, 79.76 |
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AlCl3 is a "YCl3" structure, which is the most densely stacked layered structure of Al3 + cube, while Al3 + in AlBr3 accounts for the adjacent tetrahedral gap of the br − most densely stacked frame. During melting, AlCl3 generates a volatile dimer, al2cl6, which contains two three center four electron chlorine bridge bonds. At higher temperatures, the al2cl6 dimer dissociates to form planar triangular AlCl3, which is similar to the structure of boron trifluoride (BF3).
Aluminum chlorid, chemical formula AlCl3, is the chlorid of aluminum. The melting point and boiling point of aluminum chlorid are very low, and it will sublime and become a covalent compound. Molten aluminum chlorid is not easy to conduct electricity, which is different from most salts containing halogen ions (such as sodium chloride).
Aluminum chloride powder is a strong Lewis acid, which can react with Lewis bases to produce compounds, and even with weak Lewis bases such as benzophenone and mesitylene. If chloride ion exists, aluminum chlorid will generate TETRACHLOROALUMINATE ion (alcl4 -):
AlCl3(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇌ AlCl4-(aq)
In water, aluminum chlorid will be partially hydrolyzed to form hydrogen chlorid gas or H3O + ions. Its aqueous solution is the same as that of other aluminum containing substances, containing hydrated aluminum ions, which can react with an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide to form aluminum hydroxide precipitation:
AlCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) =Al(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O =AlO2-+ 3HCl + H3O+
AlCl3+4NaOH=NaAlO2+3NaCl+2H2O
Aluminum chlorid is easy to deliquesce, and may explode in water because of heat release due to hydration. It is partially hydrolyzed to release hydrogen chloride.
The solution is acidic due to the partial hydrolysis of aluminum ions.
[Al(H2O)6]3+ + H2O ⇌ [Al(OH)(H2O)5]2+ + H3O+
1. Aluminum chloride is mainly used in the Friedel Crafts reaction, for example, anthraquinone is prepared from benzene and phosgene, and is used in the dyeing and finishing industry. In the generalized Friedel Crafts reaction, the reaction formula of acyl chloride or haloalkyl and aromatic substances is as follows:
2. When benzene and its derivatives undergo the above reaction, the main product is a para isomer. In comparison, the alkylation reaction involves many problems, and is not as widely used as the acylation reaction. No matter what kind of reaction, aluminum chloride and other raw materials and instruments must be moderately dry, and a small amount of water is helpful for the reaction.
Since aluminum chloride can coordinate with the reaction product, its amount must be the same as the reactant, not the "catalytic amount" when it is used in the Friedel Crafts reaction. It is difficult to recover the aluminum chloride after reaction, and a large amount of corrosive waste will be produced. In order to meet the requirements of green chemistry, chemists began to use yttrium fluoride or dysprosium fluoride to replace aluminum chloride and reduce pollution.
Aluminum chloride is also commonly used to add aldehyde groups to the benzene ring. For example, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride are used as catalysts in the gatman Koch reaction.
3. Aluminum chloride powder is widely used in organic chemistry. It can catalyze ene reactions, such as the addition of 3-butene-2-one (methyl vinyl ketone) with carvone:
4. AlCl3 is also commonly used in hydrocarbon polymerization and isomerization reactions. Important examples include the industrial production of ethylbenzene. Ethylbenzene can be used to further prepare styrene, polystyrene and Dodecylbenzene as a cleaning agent.
In the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons, the mixture of aluminum chlorid and aluminum can be used to synthesize bis (aromatic) metal complexes. For example, diphenyl chromium is prepared by Fischer Hafner synthesis through specific metal halides.
Low concentration of basic aluminum chlorid is often one of the components of antiperspirants, while the concentration of hyperhidrosis patients is higher (12% or higher).
Aluminum chloride, also known as aluminum trichloride, has the chemical formula AlCl3 and is a compound composed of chlorine and aluminum. This substance has a relatively low melting point and boiling point, and has the property of sublimation, therefore it is classified as a covalent compound with ionization. It is worth noting that molten aluminum chlorid does not have good conductivity, which is different from most salts containing halide ions (such as sodium chlorid).
Plays a crucial role in organic synthesis and is an important catalyst. In the addition reaction of olefins, it can promote the reaction between olefin molecules, making the reaction more efficient and generating the target product. In esterification reactions, the esterification process between acid and alcohol can be accelerated, increasing the reaction rate and product yield. In aromatization reactions, it can also play a crucial role in helping to form specific aromatic compounds.
It is also widely used in the synthesis of various organic compounds, such as drugs, dyes, and fragrances. In terms of drug synthesis, it can catalyze some key steps, promote the construction of drug molecules, and improve the efficiency and quality of drug synthesis. In dye synthesis, it can participate in the formation and modification of dye molecules, adjusting the color and properties of dyes. In spice synthesis, it helps to generate compounds with specific aromas, providing important raw materials for the spice industry.
Petrochemical catalyst
In the field of petrochemicals, it has a wide range of applications. It is an important catalyst for the production of petroleum chemicals such as detergents, dispersants, and emulsifiers. In the production of detergents, it can promote the progress of reactions, making the ingredients of detergents more stable and effective. In the synthesis of dispersants, it can help dispersant molecules better disperse in the medium and improve the dispersion effect. In the production of demulsifiers, it can accelerate the process of oil-water separation and improve the efficiency of demulsification.
In addition, it can also be used for refining oil products. It can remove impurities and harmful substances from oil products, improving the quality and performance of oil products. For example, it can remove impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen from oil products, reducing the pollutants generated during oil combustion.
In the polymer industry, aluminum chloride powder plays an important role as a catalyst. In polymerization reactions, it can promote the polymerization of monomers, accelerate the progress of polymerization reactions, and improve reaction rates and product yields. For example, in the production of important plastic materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, it can serve as a catalyst to connect monomer molecules to form polymer chains, thereby obtaining the desired plastic materials.
It can also be used as a synthetic intermediate to participate in the synthesis process of polymers. It can react with other compounds to generate intermediates with specific structures and properties, providing a foundation for subsequent polymerization reactions.
Dye industry reagents
In the dye industry, it is an important reagent. It can form complexes with certain dye molecules, changing the color and stability of the dye. This chelating effect can be used to adjust the color tone of dyes, making their colors more vivid and accurate. For example, by forming a complex with it, the color of the dye can be changed from light to dark, or from one color tone to another.
At the same time, chelation can also increase the durability of dyes and improve their adhesion to fibers. In this way, the dye is not easily faded during washing, friction, and other processes, which improves the service life and dyeing effect of the dye.
(1) Preparation of synthetic materials
Aluminum trichloride can be used to prepare various synthetic materials, such as polymers, resins, coatings, etc. In the preparation of polymers and resins, it can serve as an initiator and crosslinking agent. As an initiator, it can initiate the polymerization reaction of monomers, causing them to start connecting and forming polymer chains. As a crosslinking agent, it can form crosslinked structures between polymer chains, improving the strength and stability of materials.
In the preparation of coatings, the performance and quality of coatings can be improved. It can improve the adhesion, weather resistance, and corrosion resistance of coatings, enabling them to maintain good performance in various environments. For example, in the fields of automotive coatings, architectural coatings, etc., the three applications can improve the service life and decorative effect of coatings.
(2) Metal surface treatment
It plays an important role in the metal surface treatment industry. It can increase the viscosity of the metal surface, making the bonding between the metal and other materials more firm. For example, in processes such as metal coating and metal bonding, the adhesion of the metal surface can be improved, allowing the coating or adhesive to better adhere to the metal surface.
At the same time, it can also improve the corrosion resistance of the metal surface. It can react with the metal surface to form a protective film that prevents the metal from coming into contact with the external environment, thereby reducing the corrosion of the metal. This helps to improve the quality and service life of metals, and reduce the maintenance costs of metal products.
(3) Flame retardant components
One of the ingredients that can be used as a flame retardant. Adding to materials such as plastics, rubber, and textiles can improve their fire resistance and reduce the risk of fire. When the material encounters a fire source, it can play a flame retardant role, suppressing the spread and combustion of flames.
The flame retardant mechanism of this substance is mainly achieved by decomposing to produce non combustible gases, diluting the oxygen concentration in the air, and thus preventing combustion from occurring. At the same time, it can also form a layer of insulation on the surface of the material, reducing the transfer of heat to the interior of the material and protecting it from burning out.
(4) Battery manufacturing raw materials
In the field of battery manufacturing, it has important applications. It can be used to manufacture lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries. In lithium-ion batteries, it can be used as an electrolyte and additive. As an electrolyte, it can provide channels for ion conduction, enabling the battery to function properly. As an additive, it can improve the performance and cycle life of batteries, enhance the charging and discharging efficiency and stability of batteries.
In lead-acid batteries, a similar function can also be achieved. Aluminum chloride powder can improve the electrode performance of batteries, increase their capacity and lifespan.
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