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N-acetyl-D-glucosamine powder (NAG) is a fundamental component of many important polysaccharides in biological cells, especially in the exoskeletons of crustaceans. It is an important prerequisite for the synthesis of bifidobacterial factors and has many important physiological functions in organisms. The chemical formula is c8h15no6, CAS 7512-17-6, and it is a white powder. Easy to dissolve in water, it has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant effects, and is clinically used as a drug for treating osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
It is widely used in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics, and can be used as food antioxidant, infant food additive, and sweetener for patients with diabetes. Clinically, it is mainly used to enhance the function of the human immune system, inhibit the excessive growth of cancer cells or fibroblasts, and have inhibitory and therapeutic effects on cancer and malignant tumors; It can effectively treat various inflammations, osteoarthritis, and joint pain.
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Chemical Formula |
C8H15NO6 |
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Exact Mass |
221 |
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Molecular Weight |
221 |
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m/z |
221 (100.0%), 222 (8.7%), 223 (1.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 43.44; H, 6.84; N, 6.33; O, 43.40 |
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Because glucosamine is the precursor of glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide), which is the main component of articular cartilage, glucosamine is often used in the adjuvant treatment of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine supplementation may help rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis, but there is no final conclusion about its efficacy in the medical community. Experiments have shown that glucosamine is not more effective in alleviating pain than placebo used in the reference group.
Usage:
The oral dose of glucosamine is usually 1500 mg per day. Glucosamine sold on the market is in the form of sulfate or hydrochloride, and is used in combination with dimethyl sulfone and chondroitin sulfate.
Safety:
Although glucosamine may be ineffective, at least the medical community has always believed that taking glucosamine is not dangerous.
However, ordinary products often have the problem of excessive sodium salt content or adding preservatives.
People who are allergic to shellfish such as shrimp and crab are worried that glucosamine will cause allergic reactions, but because the allergy of shrimp and crab originally comes from its meat, glucosamine from the shell itself will not cause such people allergy. In addition, glucosamine fermented from fungi or grains is also available for people worried about allergies. Some people believe that excessive intake of glucosamine may affect the normal biosynthesis of hexosamine in the body, but the current research has not shown such an effect.
The National Institutes of health also studied the effect of glucosamine supplementation on specific obese people in 2003, because such people may be sensitive to glucosamine in terms of insulin resistance. Glucosamine is not a human drug approved by the U.S. Food and drug administration, and is only administered as a dietary additive. In Europe, glucosamine is approved as a drug and sold in the form of sulfate.
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine powder (NAG), also known as acetyl chitosan, is a compound with important physiological functions in living organisms. Its chemical system name is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, which is an amino acid sugar synthesized by glucosamine 6-phosphate. It is a white crystalline powder that is easily soluble in water and has a slight acidity.
Medical field
1. Treating osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Glucosamine is a precursor of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides), which are the main components of articular cartilage. Therefore, N-acetylglucosamine is often used as an adjuvant therapy for osteoarthritis. Supplementing with N-acetylglucosamine may help rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis, but there is currently no consensus in the medical community on its efficacy.
Clinical trial results have shown that N-acetylglucosamine can not only alleviate joint pain and improve joint mobility, but also help delay the process of joint degeneration. It can enhance the expression of BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) in the early stage of fracture repair, thereby promoting early fracture healing. At the same time, it can also improve joint protein activity and anti-inflammatory activity.
2. Antitumor effect
Research has shown that N-acetylglucosamine can enhance the human immune system.
High expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in mouse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can inhibit the activation of N-acetylglucosamine, NF kB, and NFATc1 in cells, leading to apoptosis. Glucosamine analogs can be used to supplement DLBCL cells deprived of glucose and glutamine, thereby reversing these symptoms and exerting inhibitory and therapeutic effects on cancer and malignant tumors. In addition, N-acetylglucosamine induces leukemia cell line K562 to differentiate into macrophages, which also demonstrates its potential in anti-tumor treatment.
3. Other medical applications
N-acetylglucosamine is an important precursor of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and keratin sulfate in the human body, which is essential for repairing and maintaining cartilage health. It can also be used as a skin repair ingredient to promote wound healing, as it shares the same structure as the skin. In addition, GlcN obtained after deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine has been used as a prescription or over-the-counter drug for treating arthritis in some European countries. It can effectively treat arthritis through normal human metabolism and promote joint healing after fractures.
Food sector
1. New food ingredients
On August 5, 2024, the National Health Commission issued Announcement No. 3 of 2024, officially approving N-acetylglucosamine as a new food ingredient, with its application scope covering five categories: milk and dairy products, beverages, jelly, candies, and pastries. Internationally, South Korea allows the use of N-acetylglucosamine as a food ingredient; Canada approves its use as a natural health food; Taiwan has already used it as a food ingredient; Japan has used it as a health food ingredient and functional food ingredient.
2. Food additives
N-acetylglucosamine can be used as food antioxidant and infant food additive, and it can also be used as a sweetener for diabetes patients. Compared to traditional glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine exhibits higher bioavailability and activity. Studies have shown that consuming 1/5 of glucosamine can achieve the same or greater improvement in knee joint pain as glucosamine.
Health products field
1. Joint health supplements
In the health product market, N-acetylglucosamine is commonly used as a joint health supplement, which helps alleviate joint pain and improve joint function. Many people use it in their daily lives to maintain healthy joint function and prevent joint problems. Athletes and sports enthusiasts also often use N-acetylglucosamine to promote exercise rehabilitation and maintain joint health, as the joints are subjected to high stress during exercise. N-acetylglucosamine can help alleviate joint fatigue and injury caused by exercise.
With the increase in the number of middle-aged and elderly people and the sports population, there is a greater demand for treating joint diseases, maintaining joint health, and promoting sports rehabilitation, which will also drive the application of N-acetylglucosamine in the field of health products.
2. Other health functions
N-acetylglucosamine also has a certain effect on optimizing the intestinal environment and reducing abdominal fat and body fat. It can be used as a safe and effective nutritional supplement to meet people's health needs.
Cosmetics field
1. Moisturizing effect
N-acetylglucosamine is a natural keratin regulator with deep hydration and moisturizing properties. It is the main component of hyaluronic acid, mucopolysaccharides, and chondroitin sulfate, and plays a role in skin barrier repair. It has excellent transdermal absorption and good hydration. By promoting moisture retention in the skin, N-acetylglucosamine helps the skin build a moisture reservoir, making the skin soft and radiant, so it is often added to skin care products such as moisturizing essence and toner.
2. Antioxidant and anti-aging properties
N-acetylglucosamine has antioxidant properties and is a key component of anti-aging products, providing an effective solution for combating signs of aging. It can stimulate collagen synthesis, making the skin smoother and firmer, effectively slowing down the aging process of the skin.
3. Whitening and improving skin barrier
N-acetylglucosamine has mechanisms of promoting keratinocytes, inhibiting tyrosinase glycosylation, reducing facial pigmentation, etc.
Animal nutrition field
1. Pet food and nutritional supplements
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine powder is commonly used in pet food, pet nutritional supplements, and pet care, and has significant effects on reducing pet arthritis, urinary tract infections, hair loss, and regulating pet intestines. It can improve the joint health of pets, enhance their immunity, and improve their quality of life.
Livestock breeding
In animal husbandry, N-acetylglucosamine may also have certain application value. It can be added to animal feed to improve the health status of animals, enhance their growth performance and meat quality. However, there is currently relatively little research on its application in the field of animal husbandry, and further exploration and practice are needed.
The synthesis method of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine powder
The specific steps of this method are as follows:
Dissolve D-glucosamine hydrochloride and ethanol in water at a mass ratio of 2-2.5:100, and adjust the pH of the solution to 9-10;
After filtration, take the filtrate and add acetic anhydride while stirring, with an amount of 50-60wt% of the raw material of D-glucosamine hydrochloride;
After stirring for 2 hours, crystallize with absolute ethanol; After filtration, the crystals crystallize again with water to produce rod-shaped food grade N-acetylglucosamine.
The average yield of this method exceeds 70%, the product meets export quality standards, the operation is simple, the cost is low, and the production cycle is short.
Meanwhile, due to the safety and non toxicity of various raw materials used in production, they meet the production and quality requirements of food grade products.
FAQ
What is N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine used for?
N-acetyl glucosamine is taken for osteoarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
What is the difference between glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine?
While N-acetylglucosamine encourages the creation of hyaluronic acid, it is inadequately consumed via ligament cells compared to glucosamine sulfate (implying that it has less effect in remaking cartilage).
What is n-acetyl beta-D-glucosamine?
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is the basic monomer that makes up chitin, and it can be employed in many fields due to its unique biological activity.
What is the function of N-acetylglucosamine?
It has been well established that O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a post-translational protein modification, plays a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes, including signal transduction, transcription, protein degradation, and cellular stress response22.
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