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Hyoscine Powder, an organic compound, is a white rhombic crystal, soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in chloroform and almost insoluble in ether. Slightly weathered in dry air. Odorless, bitter and pungent. It is an scopolamine, which exists in Solanaceae. The chemical is highly toxic. It is an anisodamine alkaloid drug, which has the effect of muscarinic receptor antagonist. Scopolamine exerts its effect by acting as a competitive antagonist in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; Therefore, they are classified as anticholinergic drugs and muscarinic drugs. It is a human made anisodamine alkaloid drug under the action of musk receptor anti chemical agent.
Scopolamine is an alkaloid compound that belongs to the category of alkaloids. It is a white crystalline or crystalline powder, odorless, bitter, and soluble in organic solvents such as water, alcohol, and chloroform. It is stable under high temperature and strong acid conditions, but may decompose in alkaline media. The Molecular formula is C17H21NO4, CAS C17H21NO4, and the molecular weight is 303.35g/mole. It is a chiral molecule with optical isomers. Its main isomers are D-Scopolamine and L-Scopolamine. Their optical rotation and direction of rotation are different. Its structure contains benzene ring, Cyclohexene ring, octadiene and other groups. It is relatively stable under neutral and weakly acidic conditions, but decomposition occurs under alkaline conditions.
Therefore, pH control is important when preparing, storing, and using Scopolamine. A series of chemical reactions can occur, including esterification, hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydrogenation. It can react with various compounds to generate different derivatives. It has anticholinergic effect and plays a pharmacological role by competitively binding to Acetylcholine receptor. It also has anti Histamine, anti adrenaline and anti dopamine effects.
|
Chemical Formula |
C17H21NO4 |
|
Exact Mass |
303 |
|
Molecular Weight |
303 |
|
m/z |
303 (100.0%), 304 (18.4%), 305 (1.6%) |
|
Elemental Analysis |
C, 67.31; H, 6.98; N, 4.62; O, 21.10 |
|
Boiling point |
460.3 ± 45.0 ° C (predicted) |
|
Density |
1.31 ± 0.1 g / cm3 (predicted) |
|
Storage conditions |
- 20 ° C |
|
Acidity coefficient ( pKa ) |
14.11 ± 0.10 (predicted) |
1. Structure and chemical characteristics:
Scopolamine is an alkaloid, belonging to the alkaloid Atropine analog, with a complex ring structure. Its chemical name is (1S, 3R, 5R, 6R, 7S) -6,7-dihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-triol.
The structural features of Scopolamine include:
-Benzene ring (Simple aromatic ring): a ring structure with six carbon atoms, in which two hydroxyl groups (OH) are substituted. This ring is called the cyclopentane ring.
-The two hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring are located at the positions of carbon atom 1 and carbon atom 3, respectively.
-The position of hydroxyl (OH) substitution: Scopolamine also has an additional hydroxyl at the position of carbon atom 5.
2. Naming History:
The name Scopolamine is derived from the Latin name Scopolia of plants, which combines biological activity. Scopolia is a plant genus related to scopolamine, which also contains similar alkaloids. Therefore, by combining the names of these two plants, the namer named them Scopolamine.
There are various methods for synthesizing Hyoscine Powder, among which the most commonly used is to synthesize it using scopolamine acid as the starting material. The specific steps are as follows:
Reaction of scopolamine acid with ethylene glycol: Firstly, the reaction of scopolamine acid with ethylene glycol under alkaline conditions produces acetyl tropate. This step is usually carried out in anhydrous ethanol and requires the addition of a certain amount of alkali as a catalyst.
Acidification of acetyl scopolamine ester: Dissolve the acetyl scopolamine ester in dilute acid and heat it to an appropriate temperature for acidification reaction. This step aims to convert the ester group into a carboxylic acid functional group, generating scopolamine acid.
Esterification of scopolamine acid: React scopolamine acid with appropriate alcohols for esterification reaction. In this step, different alcohols can be selected as raw materials, such as methanol, isopropanol, etc. The esterification reaction can be carried out under acidic conditions and heated to increase the reaction rate.
Ester hydrolysis: Dissolve the synthetic scopolamine ester in alkaline condition to carry out ester hydrolysis reaction to generate Scopolamine. This step is usually hydrolyzed using an alkaline solution and carried out at an appropriate temperature.
It should be noted that the above synthesis route only provides basic synthesis steps and omits specific reaction conditions and experimental details. The synthesis of Scopolamine is a complex process that involves multiple chemical reactions and the synthesis of intermediates. If you are interested in delving deeper into the synthesis route of Scopolamine, please refer to relevant scientific literature or consult a professional chemist.
Synthetic scopolamine : extracted from Flos Lonicerae. China ' s traditional Chinese medicine anesthetic yanjinhua preparation, derived from the 2nd century A. D. famous doctor Huatuo An Boiling Powder, its active ingredient is scopolamine. Percolates the crude powder of Flos Chrysanthemi with 50 °C ethanol until there is almost no alkaloid in the leachate. Ethanol was recovered by vacuum distillation of the percolation solution, and the obtained extract was extracted with sulfuric acid. The extract was adjusted to pH 9 – 10 with sodium carbonate, and extracted with chloroform. The extract was distilled to recover chloroform to obtain total alkaloids, and then separated. Salt into the product. The total yield was 0.15 %.
Scopolamine, as an anticholinergic drug, exerts a wide range of effects by blocking M-cholinergic receptors. Its uses include spasmolysis and pain relief, inhibition of glandular secretion, central sedation, anti motion sickness, and treatment of special diseases.
By competitively antagonizing the binding of acetylcholine to M receptors, cholinergic neurotransmission is inhibited, resulting in the following physiological effects:
Smooth muscle relaxation: Relieves spasms of visceral smooth muscles such as the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, and ureter, and relieves colic.
Inhibition of glandular secretion: reduces the secretion of exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and bronchial glands to prevent secretion obstruction.
Central nervous system inhibition: Through the blood-brain barrier, it inhibits cortical activity, producing sedative, hypnotic, and anti dizziness effects.
Vascular dilation: improves microcirculation, alleviates capillary spasm, and increases cerebral blood flow.
Dilation and accommodation paralysis: Relaxing the pupillary sphincter muscle, used for ophthalmic examination and treatment.
Clinical application scenarios and specific uses
1. Spasmodic and analgesic: Relieve visceral smooth muscle spasms
Gastrointestinal colic:
It is one of the preferred drugs for gastrointestinal spasmodic pain caused by acute gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, gastric ulcers, and other conditions. By relaxing the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, it can quickly relieve symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea, and is often used in combination with antispasmodics (such as atropine) or analgesics.
Biliary and urinary system colic:
For biliary or renal colic caused by gallstones or kidney stones, the smooth muscles of the bile duct or ureter can be relaxed to alleviate pain. Clinically, it is often used in combination with antispasmodics (such as scopolamine) or analgesics (such as pethidine).
Postoperative intestinal paralysis:
After abdominal surgery, it can promote the recovery of intestinal peristalsis, prevent intestinal obstruction, and shorten hospitalization time.
2. Inhibition of glandular secretion: preoperative administration and treatment of special diseases
Pre anesthesia administration:
Reduce the secretion of respiratory and digestive tracts, prevent secretion obstruction of respiratory tract and aspiration pneumonia, especially suitable for general anesthesia surgery. Often used in combination with morphine to enhance anesthesia effectiveness and reduce intraoperative reflex bradycardia.
Severe night sweats and drooling:
Excessive sweating and salivation caused by Parkinson's disease, drug poisoning, or neurological disorders can significantly inhibit glandular secretion and improve symptoms. However, one should be cautious of difficulty urinating and use with caution in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Ophthalmic applications:
Scopolamine eye drops are used for dilating pupils and treating ciliary muscle paralysis, assisting in optometry, and treating iridocyclitis. Its mydriatic effect is weaker and lasts shorter than atropine, but it may induce acute angle closure glaucoma attacks. It is contraindicated for those with shallow anterior chamber.
3. Central sedation: anesthesia assistance and treatment of neurological disorders
Anesthesia assistance:
Scopolamine has high lipid solubility and can easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, producing central inhibitory effects, manifested as sedative and hypnotic effects. Combined use with morphine can enhance the anesthetic effect and reduce the dosage of anesthetics.
Parkinson's disease tremor control:
It has a certain improvement effect on tremors and muscle rigidity in Parkinson's disease patients, but may worsen cognitive impairment, and should be used after weighing the pros and cons.
Assistive treatment for psychiatric symptoms:
For symptoms such as psychomotor excitement, hallucinations, and auditory hallucinations in psychiatric patients, it can inhibit cortical activity and assist in sedative treatment.
4. Anti motion sickness: prevention and treatment of motion sickness
Motion sickness, seasickness, airsickness:
By inhibiting the excitability of the vestibular nerve and the vomiting center, symptoms of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting can be alleviated. The transdermal patch form can maintain long-lasting protection and is often used in combination with antihistamines such as diphenhydramine.
Pregnancy vomiting:
Scopolamine film has a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on nausea and vomiting symptoms in early pregnancy, but it should be strictly used according to medical advice to avoid the risk of fetal malformation caused by excessive use.
5. Treatment of special diseases: organophosphate poisoning and microcirculation disorders
Rescue of organophosphate poisoning:
It can antagonize the accumulation of acetylcholine caused by organophosphate pesticide poisoning and alleviate muscarinic symptoms such as pupil constriction, salivation, and bronchospasm. Often used in combination with acetylcholinesterase activators (such as chlorpromazine), the dosage should be adjusted according to the degree of toxicity.
Microcirculation improvement:
Scopolamine can dilate cerebral blood vessels, increase cerebral blood flow, and improve symptoms of dizziness and headache caused by insufficient cerebral blood supply. But caution should be taken against the risk of low blood pressure.
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