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Rutin powder, also known as rutinoside or quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, is a naturally occurring flavonoid compound widely found in various plants. It has a molecular formula of C27H30O16 and a relative molecular mass of 610.52. Appearance-wise, which is a pale yellow or pale green crystalline powder with specific solubility properties. It is soluble in pyridine, formamide, and alkaline solutions, slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone, and practically insoluble in chloroform, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, and petroleum ether.
It exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. It can also cross the blood-brain barrier and has been identified as a CBR1 inhibitor. Research has shown that it can interfere with the synergistic interaction between ATM and HIF1α, as well as ATM and TRAF6 in senescent cells, thereby specifically targeting and interfering with the development of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This makes it a promising candidate as a senomorphic, a novel type of anti-aging drug.
Furthermore, rutin has been used as an adjuvant in the treatment of conditions such as hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, hemorrhagic purpura, hemorrhagic nephritis, epistaxis, and traumatic hemorrhage. However, it should be noted that is intended for research purposes only and should not be used directly on humans. Proper handling and storage practices, such as wearing protective clothing and gloves, centrifuging before dissolution, and storing in a light-protected and dry environment, are essential to ensure safety and efficacy.

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| Chemical Formula | C27H30O16 |
| Exact Mass | 610.15 |
| Molecular Weight | 610.52 |
| m/z | 610.15 (100.0%), 611.16 (29.2%), 612.16 (3.3%), 612.16 (2.7%), 612.16 (1.4%) |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 53.12; H, 4.95; O, 41.93 |

Rutin powder has the effect of reducing the permeability and fragility of capillaries, maintaining and restoring the normal elasticity of capillaries. It is clinically used to prevent and treat cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, diabetes, retinal hemorrhage, purpura and acute hemorrhagic nephritis. It has good anti-radiation and anti-free radical effects on the skin, and has a strong absorption effect on ultraviolet rays and X-rays. As a natural sunscreen, adding 10% rutin, the absorption rate of ultraviolet rays is as high as 98%. It has a very obvious effect of removing cell active oxygen free radicals.

1. Antioxidant Activity
Combating Oxidative Stress: Rutin acts as a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. This makes it useful in preventing various diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Anti-inflammatory Effects: By reducing inflammation, rutin can help alleviate conditions such as skin inflammation, arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders.
2. Cardiovascular Health
Strengthening Blood Vessels: Rutin enhances the integrity of capillaries and blood vessels, reducing the risk of bruising, swelling, and varicose veins.
Improving Blood Circulation: It promotes blood flow and can be beneficial for individuals with circulatory issues.
Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases: By lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, rutin may contribute to the prevention of heart disease.


3. Cancer Prevention
Antiproliferative Effects: Rutin has been shown to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells, making it a potential candidate for cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
Protecting Against Radiation Damage: It may also protect cells from damage caused by radiation exposure.
4. Diabetes Management
Improving Insulin Sensitivity: Rutin can enhance the body's sensitivity to insulin, which is crucial for managing blood sugar levels in diabetes.
Reducing Complications: By improving blood circulation and reducing inflammation, it may help prevent diabetic complications such as neuropathy and retinopathy.


5. Skin Health
Protecting Against Skin Damage: Rutin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties make it beneficial for skin health, protecting against damage caused by UV radiation, pollution, and other stressors.
Treating Skin Conditions: It may also be useful in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and acne.
6. Other Applications
Eye Health: Rutin can help protect the eyes from damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially reducing the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.
Neuroprotective Effects: By reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, rutin may have neuroprotective effects and improve cognitive function.
Enhancing Immune Function: It may also boost the immune system by stimulating the production of white blood cells and other immune cells.

Activate the Nrf2/ARE endogenous antioxidant pathway, clear central ROS, and alleviate mitochondrial oxidative damage
Oxidative stress is the initiating factor for various types of neurodegenerative damage, including aging, A β toxicity, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, heavy metal exposure that generates a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroys neuronal cell membrane lipids, damages mitochondrial respiratory chains, induces DNA breakage, and ultimately triggers neuronal death and apoptosis;
Rutin molecule polyphenol hydroxyl can directly quench hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and peroxynitrite anions (in vitro DPPH test: rutin IC ₅₀=3.26 μ M, antioxidant activity superior to vitamin C), while targeting Keap1-Nrf2 complex to activate endogenous antioxidant system, achieving dual antioxidant protection of "direct clearance+endogenous defense".

Details of Nrf2 pathway molecular regulation
Physiological state: Nrf2 binds to Keap1 and is degraded by ubiquitination; After rutin enters neurons, the phenolic hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues in the Kelch domain of Keap1 protein, blocking the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction. Nrf2 dissociates into the nucleus and binds to the antioxidant response element ARE, initiating downstream antioxidant protein transcription
HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1): degrades toxic heme and generates antioxidant bilirubin;
NQO1 (quinone oxidoreductase 1): blocks the generation of quinone toxic intermediates;
SOD1/SOD2, CAT, GSH Px: Enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in brain tissue, upregulate the content of GSH (reduced glutathione), and reduce the ratio of oxidized product MDA (malondialdehyde) to GSSG (oxidized glutathione).
Cell assay: SH-SY5Y human neurons were modeled with H ₂ O ₂ (200 μ M) and pretreated with rutin (25, 50, 100 μ M) 12 hours in advance. The cell survival rate of the 50 μ M rutin group increased from 41.2% in the model group to 79.5%, intracellular MDA decreased by 57.3%, and HO-1 protein expression was upregulated by 3.1 times; After silencing the Nrf2 gene with siRNA, the neuroprotective effect of rutin completely disappeared, directly confirming that Nrf2 is an essential antioxidant target of rutin.
Animal experiment: Rats with lead poisoning and nerve damage were orally administered 60 mg/kg/day of rutin powder for 28 consecutive days. The SOD activity in the hippocampus increased by 42%, GSH increased by 37%, MDA decreased by 49%, and the number of neuronal necrosis in the hippocampal CA1 region decreased by 61%.

Rutin improves mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ PSI m) and enhances mitochondrial complex I-IV enzyme activity through Nrf2, reduces abnormal opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) under ischemia/oxidative stress, blocks mitochondrial cytochrome C efflux, inhibits apoptosis initiation from upstream, and connects the two major pathways of antioxidant and anti apoptotic.

Production method
Rutin exists in rue leaves, tobacco leaves, orange peels, tomatoes, etc., and is particularly rich in Sophora japonica rice and buckwheat flowers. Rutin used in Chinese medicine is extracted from Sophora japonica rice. Sophora japonica rice is washed, boiled with hot water and lime milk (adjusted to pH 7.5-8) for 20 minutes, borax is added, and kept warm at 95-100℃ for half an hour, filtered while hot, and the filtrate is adjusted to pH 6-7 with hydrochloric acid, cooled to below 30℃, and allowed to stand for crystallization, separated, and crude rutin is obtained. The finished product is obtained by dissolving, recrystallizing, and drying. The total yield is 8.3% based on Sophora japonica rice.
Other Features
Rutin powder is a rutin glycoside of the flavonol compound quercetin. It is a flavonoid compound extracted from plants. It exists in rue, bitter buckwheat, locust tree buds, catalpa leaves, tomato stems, leaves and seed shells. Dry buckwheat that is about to bloom contains about 3%. Jujube, hawthorn, ginkgo, wolfberry, motherwort, bupleurum, selfheal, aloe, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, etc. all contain rutin. In the flower buds and rice of the leguminous plant Sophora japonica L., the content can reach more than 20%, which is the main raw material for extracting rutin in my country's pharmaceutical industry. Rutin can be hydrolyzed in strong acid and alkalinity. The color is unstable in alkaline foods and has antioxidant capacity. It can improve the photostability of pigment preparations in ethanol and prevent the gradual disappearance or change of fragrance. It can improve its antioxidant capacity when used in combination with vitamin E.
The inhibitory effect of rutin on lipid peroxidation is related to its enhancement of the body's SOD activity and promotion of oxygen free radical scavenging. Xia Weimu et al. found that rutin has a strong scavenging effect on O2-, with a scavenging efficiency of more than 96%. Rutin, as a chelating agent for Fe2+, can inhibit the Fenton reaction and the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation and has a significant anti-lipid peroxidation effect.
A variety of rutin health foods have been developed abroad. Sophora japonica has a strong antioxidant effect on edible oil. The scavenging rate of Sophora japonica extract on free radicals can reach 40% to 70%.
It can be used as a new type of edible oil and fat-containing food additive with health functions. It can also be used in cold drinks, beverages, cakes, meat processing products, and aquatic products. The health factor of buckwheat rutin has the effects of lowering blood lipids, blood pressure, urine sugar, and weight loss and fitness. It has been developed into delicious and convenient snacks (buckwheat tea, buckwheat rice, buckwheat noodles, etc.). Rutin was hydrolyzed with 2% dilute H2SO4 for 1h, filtered and precipitated after cooling, washed and dried, and the crude product was recrystallized by ethanol to obtain fine quercetin. If other flavonoids such as quercetin are mixed with α-tocopherol or catechins, an additive effect can be shown.
Adverse reactions
Rutin, as a flavonoid supplement, although has various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, excessive or improper use may cause the following adverse reactions. It is necessary to strictly follow the recommended dosage and pay attention to observing physical reactions:
Gastrointestinal reactions
Nausea Vomiting
Rutin may irritate the gastric mucosa, causing nausea, especially when taken on an empty stomach. It is recommended to take it after meals to reduce irritation.
Abdominal pain and diarrhea
Excessive intake of rutin may accelerate intestinal peristalsis, causing abdominal pain or diarrhea. If the symptoms persist or worsen, stop taking the medication immediately and seek medical attention.
Stomach bloating and indigestion
Some people may experience bloating or indigestion due to the fermentation of gas produced by the decomposition products of rutin in the intestine.
Allergic reactions
Skin symptoms
Skin allergic reactions such as rash, itching, and urticaria may occur, especially in people who are sensitive to flavonoids.
Systemic reactions
Severe allergies may cause vascular and neurological edema (such as facial or throat swelling) or anaphylactic shock, requiring immediate emergency treatment.
Drug interaction risk
Anticoagulants (such as warfarin)
Rutin may enhance the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs and increase the risk of bleeding (such as nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and subcutaneous bruising). When used in combination, close monitoring of coagulation function is required.
Antihypertensive drugs
The antihypertensive effect of rutin may be combined with antihypertensive drugs, leading to hypotension (such as dizziness, fatigue, fainting), and the dosage needs to be adjusted and blood pressure monitored.
Hypoglycemic drugs
Rutin may enhance the effect of hypoglycemic drugs and cause hypoglycemia (such as palpitation, sweating and trembling), so diabetes patients should use it carefully.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is rutin powder used for?
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It is found in particular fruits and vegetables. Rutin is used in the making of medicine, when it's used in its medical form it's usually taken from buckwheat, Japanese pagoda trees and eucalyptus. Rutin is most commonly used to improve the swelling in the arms and legs caused by lymphedema and osteoarthritis.
What are the benefits of taking rutin?
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You can also find rutin in supplement form, although the FDA does not approve supplements for safety or effectiveness. Some research on animals suggests rutin may have health benefits, such as improving blood flow, reducing the risk of blood clots, and relieving arthritis pain.
Is rutin the same as vitamin P?
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Of these, rutin, also known as vitamin P or rutoside, has been explored for a number of pharmacological effects. Tea leaves, apples, and many more possess rutin as one of the active constituents. Today, rutin has been observed for its nutraceutical effect.
How quickly does rutin work?
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The onset time of rutin's effects can vary. For acute symptoms like inflammation or vascular discomfort, some individuals may notice improvements within a few hours to a few days of starting supplementation. For chronic conditions, it may take several weeks of consistent use to observe significant benefits.
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