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From the perspective of the interweaving of microbial ecology and neuropharmacology, the Spinosad powder is actually the ultimate crystalline form of the chemical ecological defense mechanism employed by the soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Its unique macrolide structure and the polycyclic ether compound composed of amino sugar side chains (Spinosyn A and D) can target the unique subtypes of insect nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) through an extremely ingenious molecular mimicry mechanism. The binding site is neither the competitive antagonism of neonicotinoid pesticides nor the physical blockade of sodium ion channels by pyrethroids, but rather triggers a continuous depolarization opening of the receptor, preventing the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine from being normally cleared. This mechanism causes irreversible paralysis due to the complete disruption of neural signal transmission and energy depletion. The selectivity difference between its binding sites in insects and mammalian receptors is hundreds of times, constituting the foundation of its safety. Even more astonishingly, it undergoes photoinitiated oxidative degradation under ultraviolet light, with the alkenes and sugar side chains in the molecule being decomposed into harmless fragments. This built-in "environmental self-destruction function" significantly reduces the risk of ecological residues, embodying the design aesthetics of biopesticides.
Our product
Doxycycline is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, with spinosyn A having a melting point of 84-99.5 ℃ and spinosyn D having a melting point of 161.5-170 ℃. It is a non polluting and highly efficient biological insecticide of macrolide class extracted from the fermentation broth of soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. The multi spined sugarcane fungus was originally isolated from an abandoned brewery in the Caribbean. Researchers at Dow Agrochemicals (now Dow Agricultural Sciences) in the United States discovered that the fungus can produce compounds with very high insecticidal activity. The practical product is a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D, hence it is called spinosad.
Additional information of chemical compound:
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Spinosad +. COA
chemical property
Structural characteristics
Doxycycline is a mixture containing more than ten components, with spinosyn A and spinosyn D being the main components. Its molecular structure contains complex structures such as macrocyclic lactone rings, which endow it with unique biological activity and chemical properties.
Chemical reactivity
Reaction with solvents: Spinosad powder can be mixed with alcohols, fatty hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, and ketones in any proportion, which provides convenience for its dissolution and dispersion in the preparation process of formulations.
Interactions with biomolecules: Polymycin mainly exerts insecticidal effects by interacting with acetylcholine nicotinic acid receptors and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the insect nervous system. It can continuously activate target insect acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, but its binding site is different from nicotine and imidacloprid; At the same time, it can also affect GABA receptors, alter the function of GABA gated chloride channels, and further enhance their insecticidal activity.
Suitable for a wide range of crops, including vegetables, fruit trees, horticulture, and crops. It can effectively prevent and control various pests, such as Lepidoptera pests (cabbage diamondback moth, tobacco green insect, etc.), grass bugs (thrips, etc.), flying insects (cicadas, Mediterranean fruit flies, etc.), beetles (potato beetles), and locusts. In addition, fungicides can also be used for pest control of grass and ornamental plants, as well as comprehensive control of termites (such as sand termites) and fire ants. It can also be used as bait for fruit tree flying insects, such as wax fruit flies, orange fruit flies, etc., and can be used for the control of some ants, such as red fire ants. At present, fungicides are being studied for use in livestock to prevent and control planthoppers (such as cowjaw lice) and flying insects (such as horned flies), while ensuring that they are harmless to livestock, thus effectively controlling these harmful insects.
Prevention and control targets
Lepidoptera pests: such as young larvae of diamondback moth, young larvae of beet armyworm, striped armyworm, cotton bollworm, tobacco aphid, peach moth, tea geometrid, rice leaf roller, rice stem borer, etc. Doxycycline has a good control effect on these pests, especially when used during the early larval stage, where the control effect is even better.
Diptera pests: such as the orange fruit fly, the American spot miner fly, etc. For orange fruit flies, point spraying and feeding can be used to lure and kill them.
Insects of the order Thysanoptera, such as thrips. Thrips are classified as a type of crop pest and disease in China, and there is currently no effective pesticide in the domestic market to combat this type of pest. However, polymyxin is the only effective insecticide for thrips in the current market. When controlling thrips, use 20-30ml of doxorubicin per mu of water to evenly spray, focusing on young tissues such as flowers, young fruits and young shoots.
Coleoptera and Orthoptera pests: can effectively control certain leaf feeding pest species in Coleoptera and Orthoptera, such as potato beetles.
Other pests: It also has a certain control effect on hygiene and storage pests such as red fire ants, and there are corresponding bait formulations available for use.
During the peak period of young larvae of vegetable diamondback moth, 5% suspension agent can be used for prevention and control. Specifically, 1000-1500 times of liquid can be used to evenly spray, or 33-50 ml of suspension can be used every 667 square meters to spray 20-50 kg of water.
For the prevention and control of beet armyworm, it is recommended to spray during the early larval stage. Every 667 square meters, 50 to 100 milliliters of 5% suspending agent can be used to spray 30 kilograms of water, and the effect is better in the evening.
During the occurrence period of thrips, 5% suspension can also be used for prevention and control. Specifically, 30 kg of water shall be spray with 33-50 ml of suspension agent every 667 square meters, or 1000-1500 times of liquid shall be used for even spray. When applying pesticides, special attention should be paid to young tissues such as flowers, young fruits, tips, and tender shoots.
For the prevention and control of citrus fruit flies, spinosad powder is recommended to use point spraying and feeding methods. Generally speaking, 50-100 milliliters of 0.2% bait can be sprayed every 667 square meters to lure and kill orange fruit flies.
The control of cotton bollworm and tobacco green worm also needs to be carried out during the early larval stage of the pests. Each mu can be diluted with 2~6ml of 48% killing suspension agent and 20~50L of water, and then evenly sprayed with spray.
In addition, the following precautions should be taken when using fungicides: avoid contaminating water sources and ponds, etc; Medications should be stored in a cool and dry place; After the last application, wait for 7 days before harvesting; Avoid encountering rainfall within 24 hours after spraying; At the same time, attention should also be paid to personal safety protection measures.
Mechanism and characteristics of action
Mechanism of action
Activation of acetylcholine nicotinic receptors: Polymycin continuously activates the target insect acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, causing depolarization of nerve cells in the insect nervous system, thereby disrupting their nervous system transmission processes, causing non functional or non active muscle contractions and exhaustion in pests, followed by symptoms such as tremors and paralysis, ultimately leading to pest death.
Effects on GABA receptors: Doxomycin can also affect GABA receptors, alter the function of GABA gated chloride channels, and enhance activity against pests.
Function characteristics
Novel mode of action: Unlike typical macrolide compounds and other common insecticides, it has a unique insecticidal mechanism.
Fast insecticidal speed: The effect can be seen on the day of application, and the insecticidal speed can be comparable to chemical pesticides.
It has multiple insecticidal effects: it has rapid contact and stomach toxicity to pests, strong penetration effect on leaves, can kill pests under the epidermis, has a long residual period, and has a certain egg killing effect on some pests.
High safety: It is a pure natural active substance produced by microbial metabolism, with strong insecticidal activity and safety. Relatively low toxicity to mammals and birds, and only slightly moderate toxicity to aquatic animals. It is safe for plants without phytotoxicity and relatively safe for predatory natural enemies. Due to its unique insecticidal mechanism, there have been no reports of cross resistance with other insecticides.
No internal absorption effect: Spinosad powder has no internal absorption conductivity, and spray should be uniform and thoughtful to ensure that the leaf surface, back and center need to be coated.
Unique neuropharmacological action mode
Spinosad powder, as a natural insecticide extracted from the fermentation product of the soil actinomycete Streptomyces scabies, has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in agricultural pest control and pet parasite elimination. This is attributed to its unique and complex neuropharmacological action mode.
The effect on insect acetylcholine receptors
Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter in the insect nervous system and plays a crucial role in the transmission of neural signals. The active ingredients in Spinosad powder can specifically act on the acetylcholine receptors on the insect nerve cell membranes, especially the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). When Spinosad binds to these receptors, it triggers a series of unique reactions. Unlike traditional neurotoxins, it does not simply block or over-activate the receptors, but interferes with the normal conduction of neural signals in a more complex way. This binding causes the conformation of the receptor to change, resulting in abnormal opening times and ion permeability of the channel. Normally, when acetylcholine binds to the receptor, it causes sodium ion influx, generating an action potential, and thus transmitting neural signals. However, after Spinosad acts, the opening of the sodium ion channel becomes disordered, causing the nerve cells to continuously depolarize. This continuous depolarization state prevents the nerve cells from returning to the resting potential, thereby blocking the normal transmission of neural signals. Insects will exhibit symptoms such as excessive excitement, tremors, and convulsions, and eventually die due to dysfunction of the nervous system. For example, when controlling cotton bollworms, when the larvae of cotton bollworms consume food containing Spinosad powder, their nervous systems are rapidly affected, showing behaviors such as continuous body twisting, inability to crawl normally, and feeding normally, and eventually die.
The effect on γ-aminobutyric acid receptors
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the insect central nervous system. It regulates the excitability of neurons by binding to GABA receptors and maintains the balance of the nervous system. Spinosad powder also has an effect on the GABA receptors of insects. It can enhance the affinity of GABA to the receptors, causing more chloride ion channels to open. The massive influx of chloride ions leads to hyperpolarization of nerve cells, further inhibiting the excitability of neurons. This dual mechanism, that is, on the one hand, it causes excessive excitation of nerve cells by acting on acetylcholine receptors, and on the other hand, it causes excessive inhibition of nerve cells by affecting GABA receptors, seriously disrupting the normal function of the insect nervous system. In insects, these two effects work together, accelerating the collapse of the insect nervous system. Taking cockroaches as an example, when cockroaches come into contact with an environment containing Spinosad powder, their nervous systems are simultaneously affected by acetylcholine receptors and GABA receptors, showing phenomena such as slow movement, loss of balance, and eventual paralysis and death.
The selectivity and safety of the neuropharmacological effects of Spinosad powder
The neuropharmacological action mode of Spinosad powder is highly selective. The way it acts on the acetylcholine receptors and GABA receptors of insects is significantly different from that of mammals. In the mammalian body, although there are also acetylcholine receptors and GABA receptors, the affinity of Spinosad to these receptors is low, making it difficult to produce obvious neurotoxic effects. This makes Spinosad relatively safe for use in agricultural pest control and pet parasite elimination, as it poses little risk to humans and other non-target organisms. For example, in pet deworming, using deworming drugs containing Spinosad powder can effectively eliminate parasites such as fleas and ticks, while having almost no effect on the pet's nervous system. Pets usually do not experience obvious adverse reactions after taking the medication.
The development of drug resistance is relatively slow
Due to the unique neuropharmacological action mode of Spinosad powder involving multiple targets and complex signal transduction pathways, it is relatively difficult for insects to develop resistance to it. Compared with some traditional insecticides with a single target, insects need to undergo multiple gene mutations simultaneously to develop resistance to Spinosad. This makes the development of drug resistance of Spinosad relatively slow during long-term use, and it can maintain a long-lasting control effect. In agricultural production, many farmers have reported that after using Spinosad powder to control pests for many years, they still achieve good insecticidal effects, which fully demonstrates the advantages of its unique neuropharmacological action mode in the management of drug resistance.
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