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Peptone powder, chemical formula C13H24O4, organic compound. It is light yellow to brown powder or particle, has meat flavor, but has no rotten smell, is soluble in water, and is insoluble in ethanol, chloroform and ether. Peptone is a light yellow powder made by hydrolyzing meat, casein or gelatin with acid or protease, and has a special smell of meat. Peptone can also be formed after protein is decomposed by acid, alkali or protease. Peptone is one of the primary digestion products of protein in the stomach. Peptone is rich in organic nitrogen compounds, as well as some vitamins and sugars. It can be used as the main raw material of microbial culture medium, and is widely used in the fields of antibiotics, medicine industry, fermentation industry, biochemical products and microbiological research, and can be used to treat digestive tract diseases; Different organisms need specific amino acids and peptides, so there are various peptones. Generally speaking, the proteins used for peptone production include animal protein (casein, meat), plant protein (beans), and microbial protein (yeast). It can provide C source, N source, growth factor and other nutrients for microorganisms.
Peptone, as a mixture made from protein hydrolysis, has become a core raw material in fields such as life sciences, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food industry due to its rich amino acids, peptides, and growth factor components.
1. Basic nutrition supply system
Peptone is the "nutritional cornerstone" of microbial culture media, providing carbon, nitrogen, energy, and growth factors for bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. Its amino acid composition includes 20 standard amino acids, among which sulfur-containing amino acids (such as cysteine and methionine) have significantly higher content than other nitrogen sources, which can meet the strict nutritional needs of microbial growth. For example:
Escherichia coli culture: Tryptone (casein hydrolysate) and yeast extract in a 2:1 ratio can support the proliferation of Escherichia coli at a rate of 1.5 generations per hour, with a cell density of OD600=12.
Streptococcus culture: Soy peptone contains thiamine (vitamin B1) up to 8mg/100g, which can replace animal derived ingredients to cultivate nutritionally demanding streptococcus and avoid the risk of contamination by pathogens such as mad cow disease.
2. Development of special functional culture medium
Targeted cultivation can be achieved by regulating the composition of peptone:
Selective culture medium: pancreatic casein peptone medium with 0.05% bile salt added can inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria and is used for intestinal microbiota isolation.
Induced expression medium: In recombinant protein expression systems, the use of low salt peptone (NaCl content<0.5%) can reduce plasmid loss rate and increase target protein yield by 30%.
3. Industrial fermentation support
In the production of biological products such as antibiotics and vitamins, peptone is irreplaceable as a fermentation substrate
Penicillin fermentation: Using bovine bone protein peptone (containing 12g/100g glutamic acid) can increase the biomass of Aspergillus flavus by 25%, and the penicillin potency can reach 80000 U/mL.
Vitamin B2 fermentation: Yeast peptone provides riboflavin precursor material, enabling the production of vitamin B2 in Candida albicans to exceed 3g/L.
1. Optimization of animal cell culture
In mammalian cell cultures such as CHO cells and Vero cells, peptone enhances culture efficiency through the following mechanisms:
Nutritional supplementation: Provides short peptides (molecular weight<1kDa) lacking in serum substitutes to support cell proliferation under serum-free conditions.
Metabolic regulation: Peptone containing glutamine can maintain intracellular glutathione levels, reduce oxidative stress damage, and increase cell survival rate by 40%.
Case application: In the production of monoclonal antibodies, adding 0.5% hydrolyzed casein peptone can increase the antibody expression level from 2g/L to 3.5g/L.
2. Stem cell culture support
In the culture of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), peptone maintains stem cell characteristics through the following pathways:
Matrix simulation: Peptone containing RGD peptide segments can replace laminin, reducing cultivation costs by up to 70%.
Differentiation inhibition: Adding 10 μ g/mL of thiamine derived from soy peptone can maintain the undifferentiated state of iPSCs for more than 15 generations under no feeder layer conditions.
3. Plant cell culture promotion
In the production of secondary metabolites such as paclitaxel and ginsenosides, peptone increases yield through the following methods:
Precursor supply: Protein peptone containing phenylalanine can increase the accumulation of paclitaxel in Taxus chinensis cells by 50%.
Osmotic pressure regulation: Adding 0.3% bone protein peptone can maintain the osmotic pressure of the culture medium at 300-400mOsm/kg, avoiding cytoplasmic wall separation.
1. Antibiotic production
Peptone plays a dual role in antibiotic fermentation:
Nutritional support: In the fermentation of cephalosporin C, using a 1:1 ratio of tryptone and corn syrup can increase the dry weight of bacterial cells from 25g/L to 38g/L.
Product induction: Peptone containing β - lactase inhibitor can prevent the degradation of cephalosporin C and stabilize the fermentation potency at 18g/L.
2. Vaccine preparation
In the production of viral vaccines, peptone ensures virus production through the following mechanisms:
Cell protection: Adding 0.2% hydrolyzed soy peptone to MDCK cell culture medium can increase the production of influenza A virus HA antigen by 60%.
Virus release: Tryptone containing trypsin can promote the shedding of virus particles on the surface of Vero cells, increasing the harvesting efficiency of rabies vaccines by 40%.
3. Development of drug carriers
Protein peptone can be chemically modified to develop novel drug delivery systems:
Preparation of nanoparticles: PLGA nanoparticles synthesized using casein peptone as a template, with a drug loading capacity of up to 15% and a drug release period extended to 72 hours.
Targeted modification: Coupling soy peptone with folic acid can increase the uptake rate of nanoparticles on tumor cells by three times.
1. Upgrading fermented foods
Peptone plays a key role in the industrialization of traditional fermented foods:
Soy sauce brewing: Adding 0.5% Aspergillus oryzae peptone can increase the protease activity of Aspergillus oryzae to 12000U/g, and the amino acid nitrogen content of soy sauce can reach 1.2g/100mL.
Yogurt fermentation: Using whey protein peptone instead of some whey powder can enhance the symbiotic effect between Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and prolong the post acidification time of yogurt by 24 hours.
2. Development of functional foods
Protein peptone achieves functional enhancement through the release of bioactive peptides:
Antioxidant food: Soy peptone hydrolysate contains antioxidant peptides such as lauroyl glycine, with a DPPH free radical scavenging rate of 85%.
Blood pressure lowering food: ACE inhibitory peptide obtained by hydrolyzing casein peptone with gastric protease, with an IC50 value of 0.12mg/mL.
3. Food preservation technology
Protein peptone derivatives exhibit unique advantages in food preservation:
Edible film: a composite film based on gelatin peptone, which can extend the shelf life of strawberries to 14 days and reduce weight loss by 60%.
Antibacterial coating: A protein peptone coating containing ε - polylysine can extend the shelf life of cold fresh meat to 21 days, with a total bacterial count of<4log CFU/g.
1. Active ingredient carrier
Protein peptone enhances the permeability of active ingredients through nanotechnology:
Vitamin C delivery: Nanoliposomes using silkworm pupa peptone as a carrier can increase the skin penetration rate of vitamin C by 8 times.
Peptide transportation: Copper peptide complex wrapped in soy peptone, with a transdermal absorption rate of 65%, significantly promotes collagen synthesis.
2. Skin barrier repair
Protein peptone achieves barrier repair by simulating natural moisturizing factor (NMF):
Sensitive muscle care: yeast peptone cream containing ceramide can reduce transdermal water loss (TEWL) by 40% and skin erythema index by 35%.
Repair after medical beauty: Hydrolyzed collagen peptone facial mask can shorten the skin recovery time after laser surgery by 3 days, and reduce the incidence of pigmentation by 25%.
3. Anti aging applications
Peptone achieves anti-aging effects by activating cellular autophagy:
Eye care: Eye cream containing 0.5% bone protein hydrolysate can reduce the depth of wrinkles around the eyes by 28% and increase skin elasticity by 35%.
Hair care: A hair conditioner composed of soy peptone and keratin can increase hair fracture strength by 40% and improve combing by 50%.
1. Synthetic Biology
Peptone plays a crucial role in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system:
Energy supply: Adding 10mM glutamine peptone solution can increase the synthesis yield of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to 1.2mg/mL.
Enzyme stability: Protein peptone buffer containing BSA can prolong the maintenance time of T7 RNA polymerase activity to 8 hours.
2. 3D bioprinting
Protein peptone as a component of bioink enhances printing performance:
Cell survival rate: Adding 2% gelatin peptone sodium alginate ink can achieve a cell survival rate of 95% after printing.
Structural stability: The ink composed of soy peptone and methyl cellulose can increase the compressive strength of the printing bracket to 50kPa.
3. Environmental remediation
Protein peptone shows potential in microbial remediation technology:
Oil pollution control: Adding 0.1% tryptone to the culture medium can increase the degradation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on crude oil by 40%.
Heavy metal adsorption: The adsorption capacity of modified soy peptone for Pb ² ⁺ reaches 120mg/g, which is much higher than that of activated carbon (50mg/g).
Application of peptone powder:
Study on preparation and properties of compound peptone from chicken by-products
The mixed protein was extracted from chicken by-products and soybean meal by ultrasonic-assisted alkaline method. With the protein extraction rate as the inspection index, the Placket-Burman design and response surface analysis were used to screen out the significant factors, and the climbing direction of each factor was preliminarily determined. The optimal process was obtained: the dry weight ratio of raw materials was 3:1 (g/g), the number of sieved mesh was 80, the concentration of lye was 0.70g/100mL, the liquid-solid ratio was 15:1 (m L/g), the ultrasonic power was 365W, the extraction temperature was 42 ℃, the extraction time was 2h, and the extraction times were 2 times.
Under this condition, after three parallel determinations, the measured protein extraction rate was 54.63%. The isoelectric point (PI) of CBSM mixed protein was 4.0, and the protein content after extraction was 62.64%. Thirdly, with the degree of hydrolysis and the yield of peptone as the inspection indicators, five enzymes, trypsin, papain, composite protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease, were screened, and trypsin and alkaline protease with good hydrolysis effect and small difference in conditions were selected for complex hydrolysis to prepare peptone.
The process was optimized by the four-element quadratic general rotation combination design, and the optimal level of each factor was obtained as follows: the ratio of two enzymes was 1.3:1 (g: g), the enzymolysis temperature was 54 ℃, the enzymolysis pH was 8.2, and the enzymolysis time was 3.4h. Under this condition, the measured value of peptone yield was 29.28%, and free peptone was prepared. Then, using chitosan and sodium alginate as carriers, the co-immobilization of trypsin and alkaline protease was carried out by the methods of cross-linking-adsorption-cross-linking and cross-linking-embedding cross-linking, respectively.
Taking the immobilization rate and the recovery rate of immobilized enzyme activity as indicators, the single factor and orthogonal test were used to determine that the immobilization effect was better when sodium alginate was used as carrier, and the properties of co-immobilized enzyme were analyzed; Taking the peptone yield as the inspection index, the process of preparing peptone by co-immobilized enzyme hydrolysis was optimized by using the four-element quadratic general rotary combination design. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: the amount of immobilized enzyme added 10%, the temperature of enzymolysis 62 ℃, the enzymolysis pH9.5, and the enzymolysis time 2.5h. The measured value of peptone yield under this condition was 32.14%, and the co-immobilized enzyme peptone was prepared.
Finally, the physical and chemical characteristics of two self-made peptone powder were analyzed and compared with the effect of commercially available peptone. It was found that both self-made peptones could meet the quality standard of commercially available peptone and could be prepared into culture medium for microbial culture; Two kinds of self-made peptone were used to prepare the culture medium for the determination of the growth curve of Escherichia coli O157 and Bacillus subtilis, and the generation time under different inoculums was calculated. It was found that the culture medium prepared with co-immobilized enzyme peptone was more suitable for the growth of the two bacteria.
Microbiological tests were carried out on two kinds of self-made peptone, including hydrogen sulfide test, indigo matrix test and V-P test. The test results were in line with the microbiological test standards, and the product was qualified, with rich nutritional value, and could be used instead of commercially available peptone.
Peptone powder preparation:
Peptone can be divided into animal peptone, plant peptone and microbial peptone from the source. Tryptone, meat peptone and bone peptone are all animal peptone, while soybean peptone is plant peptone and yeast peptone is microbial peptone.
Peptone from animal origin also includes silkworm pupa peptone, blood peptone, etc.
Protein decomposition products, such as beef, casein, milk powder, white gelatin, soybean protein, silk protein, and blood fibrin, are obtained through incomplete hydrolysis process. The products sold in the market are mainly light yellow to brown powder. Its molecular weight is between Wild chrysanthemum oil and peptide, about 2000. The composition of the hydrolysates of proteins from different sources and different hydrolysis conditions can vary greatly. So peptone is often a complex mixture of peptides. It is soluble in water, does not solidify when overheated, does not precipitate in saturated ammonium sulfate, but can be precipitated by protein precipitator. It can be used as the ingredient of microorganism and animal cell culture medium, special functional food and cosmetics, and also as the stabilizer of beer and other products.
Classification of peptone powder:
Peptone can be divided into animal peptone, plant peptone and microbial peptone from the source. Tryptone, meat peptone and bone peptone are all animal peptone, while soybean peptone is plant peptone and yeast peptone is microbial peptone.
Peptone from animal origin also includes silkworm pupa peptone, blood peptone, etc.
Protein decomposition products, such as beef, casein, milk powder, white gelatin, soybean protein, silk protein, and blood fibrin, are obtained through incomplete hydrolysis process. The products sold in the market are mainly light yellow to brown powder. Its molecular weight is between Piper nigrum iOn and peptide, about 2000.
The composition of the hydrolysates of proteins from different sources and different hydrolysis conditions can vary greatly. So peptone is often a complex mixture of peptides. It is soluble in water, does not solidify when overheated, does not precipitate in saturated ammonium sulfate, but can be precipitated by protein precipitator. It can be used as the ingredient of microorganism and animal cell culture medium, special functional food and cosmetics, and also as the stabilizer of beer and other products.
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