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Indium powder is a metallic element with the symbol In and an atomic number of 49, located in Group IIIA of the fifth period of the periodic table. CAS 7440-74-6, The molecular formula is In, which is a silver white metal with a light blue color. It has a soft texture and can be scratched by nails. Strong plasticity, good ductility, and can be compressed into sheets. Indium metal is mainly used as a raw material for manufacturing low melting point alloys, bearing alloys, semiconductors, electric light sources, etc. Indium is non-toxic, but should be avoided from contact with skin and ingestion. Due to its strong light permeability and conductivity, it is mainly used in the production of ITO targets (for the production of liquid crystal displays and flat screens), which is the main consumer area of indium ingots, accounting for 70% of global indium consumption.
| Chemical Formula | In |
| Exact Mass | 115 |
| Molecular Weight | 115 |
| m/z | 115 (100.0%), 113 (4.5%) |
| Elemental Analysis | In, 100.00 |
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Indium powder, as a rare metal, has become an indispensable strategic resource in modern technology and industry due to its unique physical and chemical properties. From smartphone screens to nuclear reactor control rods, from photovoltaic cells to quantum computing, the application of indium has penetrated into every aspect of human life.
1.1 ITO target material and transparent conductive film
The largest consumer area of indium (accounting for 70% of the world) is the production of indium tin oxide (ITO) targets, which are used to manufacture transparent conductive electrodes for liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screens, OLED screens, and solar panels. ITO film is deposited on glass or polyester substrates through vacuum sputtering process, with a transmittance of over 90% and a surface resistance as low as 10-100 Ω/□, perfectly balancing conductivity and transparency.
Typical application cases:
Smartphones and TVs: Over 90% of global smartphone screens use ITO film. The ITO layer thickness of a certain brand's 65 inch OLED TV is only 200 nanometers, but it carries 95% of touch signal transmission.
Building energy saving glass: Low-E glass coated with ITO can reduce building energy consumption by 30%. This technology is applied to the exterior wall glass of Shanghai center Building, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by more than 2000 tons annually.
Aviation windshield: The windshield of the Boeing 787 aircraft is integrated with ITO heating film, which can de ice within 10 minutes in an environment of -50 ℃, increasing efficiency by 5 times compared to traditional resistance wire solutions.
1.2 New Display Technologies
Indium shows potential in emerging fields such as Micro LED and quantum dot displays. Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots can achieve 100% NTSC color gamut coverage. The 8K quantum dot television launched by a certain manufacturer has an InP quantum dot layer thickness of only 5 microns, which increases color purity by 40% compared to traditional solutions.
2.1 Compound Semiconductor Materials
Indium is the core component of compound semiconductors such as indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), and indium gallium nitride (InGaN), and is widely used in fields such as 5G communication, fiber optic sensing, and laser radar.
Technological breakthrough case:
5G base station power amplifier: based on InP high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), the operating frequency can reach 300GHz, and the power density is three times higher than GaAs devices. After a certain communication equipment supplier's 5G macro base station adopts InP PA, the coverage radius is expanded by 20%.
Autonomous driving LiDAR: InGaN based blue light laser (450nm) combined with InP photodetector achieves detection at a distance of 200 meters. The LiDAR module of Tesla Model Y adopts this solution, which increases point cloud density by 50%.
2.2 Chip Manufacturing and Doping Technology
Indium, as a P-type dopant, can significantly enhance the performance of germanium transistors. The indium antimonide (InSb) quantum well transistor developed by a certain laboratory has an electron mobility of 300000 cm ²/(V · s) at a low temperature of 3K, which is 100 times faster than silicon-based devices and provides potential materials for quantum computing chips.
3.1 Photovoltaic cells
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells are a landmark application of indium in the energy field. Its photoelectric conversion efficiency reaches 23.35% (according to ZSW laboratory data in Germany), and it has excellent weak light performance, generating 15% more electricity than crystalline silicon cells in rainy weather.
Industrialization progress:
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): A CIGS glass curtain wall product launched by a certain enterprise with a power density of 180W/m ² has been applied to the Dubai Solar Tower project, generating over 5 million kWh of electricity annually.
Flexible photovoltaic device: A flexible CIGS cell using indium zinc oxide (IZO) transparent electrodes, with a bending radius of up to 2mm. A company integrated it into the wing of a drone, extending the endurance time by 30%.
3.2 Nuclear Industry
Indium alloy plays a crucial role in nuclear reactors:
Control rod material: Indium-115 isotope has a thermal neutron absorption cross section of 199 bar. A fourth generation sodium cooled fast reactor uses In Ag alloy control rods, which improves neutron flux regulation accuracy by 20%.
Neutron detector: A semiconductor detector based on InP with an energy resolution of 0.3% (@ 662keV), which is 10 times higher than traditional He-3 detectors. It has been used for neutron flux monitoring at the ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.
4.1 Low melting point alloys
The alloy formed by indium, bismuth, tin and other metals (melting point 47-122 ℃) is widely used in:
Fire sprinkler system: In Bi Sn alloy nozzles used in a data center can accurately melt at 68 ℃, with a response time 3 seconds faster than traditional glass ball nozzles, reducing fire losses by 40%.
3D printing sacrificial material: An aviation company has developed an indium containing sacrificial alloy for the manufacturing of turbine blade film cooling holes, with a printing accuracy of 0.05mm, which is 5 times more efficient than traditional electrical discharge machining.
4.2 Wear resistant and anti-corrosion coating
Indium based coatings perform excellently in extreme environments:
Aerospace bearings: The main bearings of a certain model of engine are coated with indium nickel, which reduces the wear rate to 0.1 μ m/h at a high temperature of 500 ℃, and prolongs the service life of uncoated bearings by 8 times.
Marine equipment: The surface of ship propellers is coated with In Zn alloy, which has a corrosion resistance of up to 1000 hours in a 3.5% NaCl salt spray environment, three times higher than chromium coating.
5.1 Radioisotopes
Indium-111 (half-life 2.8 days) is a core nuclide in medical imaging:
Tumor diagnosis: Octreotide injection labeled with In-111 can specifically bind to neuroendocrine tumor receptors. A clinical study showed that its sensitivity reached 92%, which is 25% higher than CT examination.
Inflammation monitoring: In-111 labeled white blood cell scanning can locate hidden infection foci, with an accuracy rate of 95% in the diagnosis of artificial joint infections.
5.2 Biosensors
Indium phosphide (InP) based sensors are emerging in the medical field:
Non invasive blood glucose monitoring: The InP photoelectric capacitance pulse wave sensor developed by a certain company achieves continuous blood glucose monitoring by analyzing changes in skin spectra, with an error range of<10%. It has been recognized as a breakthrough device by the FDA.
DNA sequencing: Indium powder nanowire field-effect transistors can detect changes in current when a single DNA molecule passes through. A team used this technology to increase the sequencing speed to 1000 bases per second, which is 10 times faster than the Illumina platform.
The extraction process of indium is mainly the extraction electrolysis method, which is also the mainstream process technology for indium production in the world today.
The main process flow is: indium containing raw materials → concentration → chemical dissolution → purification → extraction → re extraction → zinc (aluminum) substitution → sponge indium → electrolytic refining → refined indium.
90% of global indium production comes from by-products of lead and zinc smelters. The smelting and recovery method of indium mainly involves concentrating and recovering indium from the slag, slag, and anode slurry of copper, lead, and zinc smelting. According to the source of recycled raw materials and differences in indium content, different extraction processes are adopted to achieve optimal configuration and maximum profit.
Common process technologies include: oxidation slag, metal substitution, electrolytic concentration, acid leaching extraction, extraction electrolysis, ion exchange, electrolytic refining, etc.
At present, solvent extraction is widely used as an efficient separation and extraction process. The application of ion exchange method in indium recovery has not been reported in industrialization. In the process of separating indium from difficult to volatilize tin and copper, most of the indium is concentrated in cigarette ash and floating slag. During the separation process of volatile zinc and cadmium, indium is enriched in slag and filter residue.
In the ISP lead and zinc smelting process, most of the indium in the concentrate is concentrated in the crude lead produced during the crude zinc distillation process. In order to recover indium rich in indium and lead, alkaline boiling method has always been used to extract indium, but its disadvantages are small production capacity, high production cost, and low metal recovery rate.
In order to simplify the indium extraction process, reduce production costs, and improve metal recovery rates, considering the original production process of indium extraction, the project conducted state testing, cycle testing, and comprehensive testing to study and develop the extraction process of "rich indium crude oil lead electrolysis lead electrolysis lead electrolysis extraction indium", and determined the optimal process parameters for the new process.
The process flow is as follows:
After the crude lead is melted, it is cast into the electrode plate and loaded into the electrolytic cell for electrolysis. Indium in the anode is dissolved in the electrolyte.
When indium is concentrated to a certain concentration, the electrolyte is extracted and stripped.
The rich indium stripping solution is obtained after adjusting the pH value, replacing, and melting the particles.
Multiple new technologies are used for separating and extracting indium powder: These new technologies mainly use separation materials such as liquid membranes, chelating resins, impregnating resins, and microcapsules. Under appropriate conditions, these technologies can effectively separate and recover indium. These new technologies provide new options for the separation and recovery of indium.
Adding indium metal powder into the superconductor magnesium diboride greatly improves the superconducting critical current density of magnesium diboride, which is another step towards practicality. When the current density passing through the superconductor exceeds a certain value, the superconductor will lose its superconductivity, which is the superconducting critical current density. It is an important index to measure the performance of superconductors. Indium metal powder is added to magnesium diboride and processed into wire after heat treatment at 2000 ℃. Its superconducting critical current density is 4 times higher than that without indium, reaching 100000 amperes per square centimeter. This is because indium metal permeates between the grains of magnesium diboride, thus improving its adhesion.
Indium has some chemical properties similar to zinc and iron, while other chemical properties are similar to tin and aluminum. Indium has three oxidation states: 1, 2, and 3. Trivalent is the most common, while trivalent is stable in aqueous solution. Monovalent compounds usually undergo dismutation when heated. Indium is one of the softest solid metals that is quite stable in air. At normal temperatures, indium metal is not oxidized by air, but it burns under strong heat and produces indium (III) oxide with a dull blue red flame. The surface of indium metal is easy to purify, and once exposed to the atmosphere, a thin film similar to the surface of aluminum appears. The thin film is tough but easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. When the temperature rises slightly above its melting point, the metal surface remains bright; Oxide forms on the surface at high temperatures.
Between room temperature and melting point, indium reacts slowly with oxygen in air, forming an extremely thin indium oxide film (In2O3) on its surface. At higher temperatures, it interacts with active non-metallic materials. Large pieces of indium metal do not react with boiling water and alkaline solutions, but powdered indium can slowly react with water to produce indium hydroxide. Indium reacts slowly with cold dilute acids and is easily soluble in concentrated hot inorganic acids, as well as acetic acid and oxalic acid. Indium can form alloys with many metals (especially iron, which is significantly oxidized). The main oxidation states of indium are+1 and+3, and the main compounds are In2O3, In (OH) 3, and InCl3. When combined with halogens, they can form monohalides and trihalides, respectively. [3] When heated, indium can react with halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, as well as arsenic, antimony, selenium, and tellurium. It reacts with hydrogen and nitrogen to produce hydrides and nitrides, respectively. Indium can form mercury amalgam with mercury, and indium forms alloys with most metals accompanied by significant hardening effects. Indium can form covalent bonds in its compounds, which can affect its electrochemical behavior. Some indium salt solutions have low conductivity, indicating their non-ionic bonding properties. The electrode reaction of indium requires a medium high activation energy, and the use of a reversible electrode reaction binding electrolyte can electrolyze indium. Indium powder is easy to electroplate indium using cyanide, sulfate, fluoroborate, and aminosulfonate salts.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does indium cry?
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Is indium rarer than gold?
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