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Polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG), which contains α,ω- The general name of glycol polymer with double hydroxyl ends is a kind of macromolecular polymer, and the chemical formula is HO (CH2CH2O) nH, CAS CAS 25322-68-3. The properties vary according to the molecular weight, from colorless and odorless viscous liquid to waxy solid. Those with a molecular weight of 200~600 are liquids at room temperature, and those with a molecular weight of more than 600 will gradually become semi-solid.
The properties will vary with the average molecular weight. From colorless and odorless viscous liquid to waxy solid. With the increase of molecular weight, its hygroscopic capacity decreases correspondingly. This product is soluble in water, ethanol and many other organic solvents. Low steam pressure, stable to heat, acid and alkali. Does not work with many chemicals. It has good hygroscopicity, lubricity and cohesiveness. It is non irritating, tastes slightly bitter, has good water solubility, and has good compatibility with many organic components. It has excellent lubricity, moisture retention, dispersion and adhesion, and can be used as antistatic agent and softener. It is widely used in cosmetics, pharmacy, chemical fiber, rubber, plastic, paper making, paint, electroplating, pesticide, metal processing, food processing and other industries.
Polyethylene glycol solutions are widely used in cosmetics industry and pharmaceutical industry.
1. Because it has many excellent properties, it is suitable for use as a wetting agent and consistency regulator, as well as for cream, lotion, toothpaste, shaving cream, etc. It is also suitable for hair care products that are not cleaned, giving hair silky luster.
Polyethylene glycol (Mr>2000) with high relative molecular weight is suitable for lipstick, deodorant stick, soap, shaving soap, foundation make-up and beauty cosmetics. It is also used as suspending agent and thickener in cleaning agent. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as the matrix of ointment, emulsion, ointment, lotion and suppository.
2. The aqueous solution of it can be used as a suspension aid or to adjust the viscosity of other suspension media; Polyethylene glycol and other emulsifiers are used together to increase the stability of the emulsion.
3. It is also used as film coating agent, tablet lubricant, controlled release material, etc.
4. PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are often used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeast) to ingest DNA during transformation. PEG can absorb water in solution, so it is also used to concentrate solution.
5. In the experiment of studying protein molecules, the crowding environment in vivo can be simulated to verify the influence of crowding environment on protein structure.
6. Melting promoter: an excellent chemical melting promoter used in protoplast fusion. There are a series of polymers with different relative molecular weights. Those with a relative molecular weight between 200 and 6000 can be used as melt promoters, but those with a relative molecular weight of 1000 are better (they are liquid at this time). PEG has strong water solubility. In the liquid medium, the ether bond on its molecular surface has a weak negative charge.
With the participation of Ca2+ions, PEG can connect positively charged surface proteins or negatively charged glycoproteins through Ca2+bridges, so that cells can gather and fuse. In 50% PEG, the disappearance of free water can lead to dehydration of cells, leading to changes in plasma membrane structure and cell fusion.
7. Polyethylene glycol is used as an analytical reagent and also as a softener and lubricant for pharmaceutical workers.
8. It is used as matrix in medicine and cosmetics, as dispersant, lubricant and emulsifier in rubber, metal processing, pesticide and other industries.
9. Organic synthetic medium, moisturizing agent for daily cosmetics industry, inorganic salt solubilizer, viscosity regulator, etc.
10. It can be used as flocculant, fluid antifriction agent, textile sizing agent, retention and drainage aid, adhesive, thickener and denture fixative.
11. Used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemical fiber, rubber, paper making, paint, electroplating
12. Used as PVC lubricant, masterbatch additive, textile softener, pigment dispersant, etc.
As an additive for paper making, it can improve the retention rate of filler and fine fiber. When the relative molecular weight is more than 3 million, it has good dispersibility, certain wettability, drag reduction and pyrolysis. It is an effective deflocculating agent. It can increase the viscosity of pulp, prevent the mutual adhesion of fibers, improve the evenness of paper, reduce the power consumption of beating, and improve the physical strength.
13. Polyethylene glycol solutions series products can be used as raw materials of ester surfactants.
1. Synthesis Principle
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a linear polyether compound with the general structure HO-(CH₂CH₂O)ₙ-H, and its solutions are homogeneous systems formed by dissolving PEG polymers in appropriate solvents. The core of PEG synthesis is the ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO), which relies on the high ring strain of the three-membered epoxide ring to drive the reaction. The synthesis process mainly includes three stages: initiation, propagation and termination, and the choice of catalyst and initiator directly determines the molecular weight and distribution of PEG, which further affects the properties of the final solution.
2. Core Synthesis Methods
The industrial synthesis of PEG mainly adopts the ethylene oxide ring-opening polymerization method, which is divided into two mainstream processes according to the type of catalyst. The first is the alkali-catalyzed polymerization, the most commonly used industrial route. It uses deionized water as the initiator and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The reaction is carried out at 120-180℃ and 0.3-0.4MPa, and ethylene oxide is added dropwise to avoid explosive polymerization caused by excessive local concentration. The second is the coordination catalytic polymerization, a high-end route for pharmaceutical grade PEG, which uses double metal cyanide (DMC) as the catalyst. The reaction is carried out at a lower temperature of 90-110℃, and the prepared PEG has a narrow molecular weight distribution and high purity. In addition, the traditional chloroethanol method is rarely used now due to serious environmental pollution.
3. Post-treatment and Solution Preparation
After the polymerization reaction reaches the expected molecular weight, the system is first depressurized, and the catalyst is neutralized with acetic acid or other reagents to terminate the reaction. Then, ion exchange resin or adsorbent is used to remove inorganic impurities and catalyst residues, and vacuum dehydration is performed to control the water content below 1.0%. The purified PEG polymer is then dissolved in a solvent to prepare the solution. The choice of solvent depends on the application scenario: water is the most commonly used green solvent for medical and daily chemical fields; ethanol, propylene glycol and other polar solvents are used for scenarios requiring mixed solubility; non-polar solvents are rarely used due to poor solubility of PEG. Finally, filtration and sterilization are performed to obtain a transparent and homogeneous polyethylene glycol solution that meets the application requirements, with a total synthesis yield of more than 95%.
Under normal conditions, PEG is very stable, but it can interact with oxygen in the air at 120 ℃ or higher. In inert atmosphere (such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide), it will not change even if it is heated to 200~240 ℃, and thermal cracking will occur when the temperature rises to 300 ℃. The addition of antioxidant, such as phenothiazine with mass fraction of 0.25%~0.5%, can improve its chemical stability. Any of its decomposition products are volatile and will not form hard shell or slimy sediment.
PEG is a non-ionic water-soluble polymer. It can be compatible with many substances with high polarity, but it is not compatible with substances with low polarity. Polyethylene glycol solutions with low relative molecular weight has good compatibility. It can be mixed with oxidized starch, nitrocellulose, polyvinyl acetate and corn gluten or partially. It is insoluble with beeswax, castor oil, gelatin, arabic gum, mineral oil, olive oil and paraffin.
Innovations and Future Directions
Green Synthesis
Researchers are exploring enzymatic polymerization using lipases or oxidoreductases to produce PEG under mild conditions. A 2023 study achieved 85% yield of PEG 600 using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB), reducing energy consumption by 60% compared to traditional methods.
Advanced Drug Delivery
CRISPR-PEG Nanocomplexes: PEGylated lipid nanoparticles deliver gene-editing tools to target cells with 90% efficiency, outperforming viral vectors in safety trials.
4D Printing: PEG-acrylate hydrogels with time-dependent shape changes enable customizable implants for tissue engineering.
Sustainable Alternatives
Biodegradable polyesters like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are emerging as PEG substitutes in medical devices, though challenges remain in cost and processability. Hybrid polymers combining PEG with chitosan or cellulose derivatives offer improved biodegradability without sacrificing performance.
Nanotechnology Integration
PEG-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) serve as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging, achieving 10× higher resolution than traditional MRI. Similarly, PEG-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) enable real-time tracking of drug delivery in vivo.
The product are a cornerstone of modern science and industry, their versatility stemming from tunable molecular weight and exceptional biocompatibility. From extending the shelf life of drugs to lubricating industrial machinery, PEG's applications continue to expand alongside innovations in green chemistry and nanotechnology. However, emerging concerns about hypersensitivity and environmental persistence necessitate ongoing research into safer, more sustainable alternatives. As the world prioritizes circular economies and precision medicine, PEG solutions will remain at the forefront of technological advancement, bridging the gap between laboratory discovery and real-world impact.
FAQ
What is a polyethylene glycol solution?
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Description. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrolytes combination solution is used to cleanse the colon (bowel) before certain medical tests (eg, colonoscopy, barium enema X-ray exam) or colon surgery. PEG-electrolyte solution is a laxative. It works by causing you to have diarrhea to clean your colon.
How to prepare polyethylene glycol solution?
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PEG-3350 & Electrolytes Oral Solution instructions
no more than 48 hours before use: Pour water into the container of powder. Replace the bottle cap and shake well until all the ingredients have dissolved. Do not add sugar or flavoring containing sugar.
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