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Pure zinc oxide is an inorganic substance with the chemical formula of ZnO, white powder or hexagonal crystal. It is odorless, tasteless and sandless. It turns yellow when heated, and turns white again after cooling, and sublimates when heated to 1800 ℃. The covering power is half of that of titanium dioxide and zinc sulfide. The coloring power is twice that of basic lead carbonate. It is an oxide of zinc. It is insoluble in water, soluble in acids and strong bases. Zinc oxide is a common chemical additive, widely used in the production of plastics, silicate products, synthetic rubber, lubricating oil, paint coatings, ointments, adhesives, food, batteries, flame retardants and other products. Zinc oxide has large energy band gap and exciton binding energy, high transparency, and excellent room temperature luminescence performance. It is widely used in liquid crystal displays, thin film transistors, light-emitting diodes and other products in the semiconductor field. In addition, micro-particle zinc oxide as a nano-material also began to play a role in related fields.
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Chemical Formula |
OZn |
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Exact Mass |
80 |
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Molecular Weight |
81 |
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m/z |
80 (100.0%), 82 (57.4%), 84 (38.6%), 83 (8.4%), 86 (1.3%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
O, 19.66; Zn, 80.34 |
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Pure zinc oxide mainly exists in the form of white powder or red zinc ore. The small amount of impurities such as manganese in red zinc ore makes the ore appear yellow or red. When zinc oxide crystals are heated, a small amount of oxygen atoms will overflow (0.007% of the total number of oxygen atoms overflow at 800 ° C), causing the substance to appear yellow. When the temperature drops, the crystal returns to white.
(1) Rubber industry
Used in the rubber or cable industry as a vulcanizing agent, reinforcing agent, and coloring agent for natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and latex, to give rubber good corrosion resistance, tear resistance, and elasticity. The coloring agent and filler of white rubber are used as vulcanizing agents in chloroprene rubber, and those with small particles (about 0.1 μ m in size) can be used as light stabilizers for plastics such as polyolefins or polyvinyl chloride. The thermal conductivity of typical pure silicone rubber is relatively low; By adding ZnO thermal conductive powder, the thermal conductivity of silicone rubber can be improved while maintaining its high resistance. Even at relatively low filling contents, the addition of nanoscale fillers can achieve high thermal conductivity. However, due to the weak interaction between the surface of nanoparticles and polymers, ZnO nanoparticles tend to aggregate together and form large-sized particles in the polymer matrix, which affects the mechanical properties of rubber.
(2) Textile industry
For textile coatings, waterproof and self-cleaning textiles have promising commercial applications in military and daily use. Self cleaning and waterproof textiles help prevent stains on clothing and protect the body from harmful UV rays in sunlight. Moreover, nanostructured ZnO coatings are more breathable and effective as UV blockers compared to their counterparts.
(3) Pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry
Zinc oxide is used in dentistry, primarily as an ingredient in toothpaste and also as a temporary filling. ZnO is also used in various types of nutritional products and dietary supplements to provide essential dietary zinc. The use of ZnO nanoparticles in sunscreen contains viscous formulations that are not easy to apply to the skin and are not attractive in terms of beauty. Because they can absorb ultraviolet radiation, these products began to be used in face cream. Zinc oxide can also be used as a paste for dental restoration.
(4) Catalytic industry
Electron hole pairs are generated below light intensity through oxidation or reduction reactions occurring on the surface of the catalyst. In the presence of photocatalysts, organic pollutants can be directly oxidized through photo generated holes or indirectly oxidized through reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Common catalysts include ZnO, which can exhibit photocatalytic activity below ultraviolet light intensity. ZnO has poor stability and low sensitivity to photo corrosion. However, zinc oxide provides better stability, better crystallinity, and smaller defects. Adding other components can further enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnO and expand the visible spectral range of zinc oxide.
(5) Electronic industry
Zinc oxide is an important new type of semiconductor with wide applications in the fields of electronics and electrical engineering. Its wide energy band (3.37 eV) and high bond energy (60 meV) at room temperature mean that zinc oxide can be used in optoelectronic and electronic devices, devices emitting surface acoustic waves, field emitters, sensors, ultraviolet lasers, and solar cells.
(6) Other fields
Organic synthesis catalysts and desulfurizers are used as matrices for analytical reagents, reference reagents, fluorescent agents, and photosensitive materials.
In the fertilizer industry, raw gas is used for precision desulfurization in the synthesis of ammonia, petroleum, natural gas chemical raw gas desulfurization, and deep desulfurization and purification processes of industrial raw gas and oil such as methanol and hydrogen production.
Used for electrostatic wet copying, dry transfer printing, laser fax communication, electrostatic recording of electronic computers, and electrostatic plate making files.
Used in the plastic industry, sunscreen cosmetics series products, special ceramic products, special functional coatings, and textile hygiene processing.
Pharmaceutical, used as an astringent, for making ointments, zinc pastes, and rubber pastes.
Used as a white pigment, its coloring power is inferior to that of titanium dioxide and lithopone. Used for coloring ABS resin, polystyrene, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, amino resin, polyvinyl chloride, as well as paints and inks. Used for the production of pigments such as zinc chrome yellow, zinc acetate, zinc carbonate, zinc chloride, etc.
Manufacturing of electronic laser materials, phosphors, catalysts, and magnetic materials.
It is also used in the production of lacquered fabrics, cosmetics, enamel, leather, etc.
Used for printing and dyeing, papermaking, matches, pharmaceutical industry, glass industry, etc.
Zinc oxide is a feed nutrient fortifier suitable for use as a zinc supplement in feed processing.
Humans have learned to use pure zinc oxide as a coating or external medicine for a long time, but the history of discovering zinc oxide is difficult to trace.
the Romans had already learned to produce brass by reacting copper with zinc ore containing zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is converted into zinc vapor in a vertical furnace and rolled into the flue for reaction. Dioscorides also introduced this.
Indians became familiar with zinc and zinc minerals, and began to smelt zinc in primitive ways. Zinc smelting technology was introduced to China in the 17th century.
England established the first zinc smelting plant in Europe.
it first became a watercolor pigment, but it is difficult to dissolve in oil. However, the problem was soon solved by the new zinc oxide production process.
Leclerc began mass producing zinc white oil paint in Paris
zinc oxide became popular throughout Europe.
the purity of zinc oxide was so high that some artists covered their paintings with zinc white as the base color, but these paintings had cracks after a hundred years.
zinc oxide was mostly used in the rubber industry.
the second largest use of zinc oxide was as an additive to photocopy paper, but in the 21st century, the practice of using zinc oxide as an additive to photocopy paper has been phased out.
The research team led by Professor Shouhiko Nakamura at Shimane University synthesized zinc oxide particles with a diameter of about 10 nanometers and treated them with special techniques to give them fluorescent properties. This type of nanoparticle emits light relatively stably and can last for more than 24 hours, but its production cost is less than one percent of that of green fluorescent protein.
researchers fed experimental mice with a protein containing this particle and successfully captured images of the particle emitting light inside the mice's body.
Shimane University in Japan announced the development of a zinc oxide nanoparticle that can emit fluorescence under light irradiation. Its luminescence is stable and safe, and it can be applied in cutting-edge medical fields.
Sunscreen efficiency of Pure Zinc Oxide: The UV scattering rate of 20nm particle size ZnO is 1.7 times that of TiO2
The UV scattering efficiency of 20nm particle size ZnO is significantly better than that of TiO ₂
According to the light scattering theory and experimental data of nanomaterials, when the particle size of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO ₂) are both 20nm, the ultraviolet (UV) scattering rate of ZnO can reach 1.7 times that of TiO ₂. This difference is due to the matching degree of refractive index, particle size, and light wavelength between the two, as well as the surface effect of the nanoparticles. Specifically manifested as:
Refractive index difference
The refractive index of ZnO is 2.03, while that of TiO ₂ (rutile type) is 2.71. Although TiO ₂ has a higher refractive index, ZnO has better scattering efficiency for UVA (320-400nm) and UVB (280-320nm) at a particle size of 20nm. This is because its particle size matches the wavelength of ultraviolet light more closely, which conforms to the law of Mie scattering theory that "the scattering efficiency is highest when the particle size to wavelength ratio is close to 0.1".
Spectral coverage range
ZnO has a shielding rate of over 95% for UVA and covers most of the long wave UVA (380-400nm), while TiO ₂ focuses more on UVB and short wave UVA (320-350nm). 20nm ZnO achieves efficient scattering of ultraviolet radiation across the entire wavelength range through uniform dispersion technology.
Visible light transmittance
20nm ZnO achieves high UV shielding while maintaining a visible light transmittance of over 85%, avoiding the "whitening" problem of traditional physical sunscreens and improving the user experience.
Technical principle: Synergistic effect of nanoparticle size and light scattering
Mie scattering theory
When the ratio of nanoparticle size (d) to incident light wavelength (λ) (d/λ) approaches 0.1, the scattering efficiency reaches its peak. For UVA (lambda ≈ 350nm) and UVB (lambda ≈ 300nm), ZnO with a particle size of 20nm (d/lambda ≈ 0.057-0.067) is closer to the optimal ratio, while TiO ₂ (d/lambda ≈ 0.043-0.067) has higher efficiency in the short wavelength band but significant attenuation in the long wavelength band.
Surface effect and dispersibility
20nm ZnO reduces agglomeration through surface coating technology (such as Al ₂ O ∝ coating layer thickness of 2-5nm), and the photocatalytic efficiency attenuation rate decreases from 30%/100h to 8%/100h, ensuring long-term stability. The dosage of dispersant is reduced by 50%, and the settling speed is reduced to 0.01mm/h (traditional process 0.5mm/h), significantly improving the uniformity of sunscreen.
Multidimensional shielding performance
UVA shielding: 20nm ZnO has a shielding rate of over 95% for UVA, covering the entire wavelength range of 320-400nm, especially better than TiO ₂ for long wave UVA (380-400nm).
UVB shielding: TiO ₂ has stronger absorption in the UVB band (280-320nm), but ZnO can compensate for this gap by using high concentrations (5-25%), while avoiding the photocatalytic reactions that TiO ₂ may cause (generating free radicals to damage the skin).
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