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GABA pure powder, alias 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is white crystal powder and becomes GABA powder. It has no optical activity and is miscible with water. It is slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone, but insoluble in benzene and ether. It will lose water during decomposition to produce pyrrolidone. It is an amino acid and widely exists in vertebrates, plants and microorganisms. γ- Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, which has good water solubility and thermal stability. It has been confirmed that GABA, as a small molecular weight non-protein amino acid, has edible safety and can be used in the production of beverages and other foods. Studies have shown that a certain amount of GABA can improve the body's sleep quality and reduce blood pressure.
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Chemical Formula |
C4H9NO2 |
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Exact Mass |
103 |
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Molecular Weight |
103 |
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m/z |
103 (100.0%), 104 (4.3%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 46.59; H, 8.80; N, 13.58; O, 31.03 |
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GABA pure powder (GABA) is a naturally occurring non protein amino acid widely distributed in microbial, plant, and animal neural tissues. As the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, GABA plays a core role in calming, anti anxiety, and lowering blood pressure by regulating neuronal excitability.
1. Treatment of neurological disorders
Anti anxiety and sedation: By activating GABA-A receptors to inhibit neuronal excessive discharge, reduce neural activity, and form a natural sedative mechanism. Clinically, it is commonly used to alleviate anxiety disorders, insomnia, and nervous tension. For example, when combined with anti anxiety drugs, it can enhance efficacy and reduce the risk of drug dependence.
Epilepsy treatment: As an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, it can block the spread of abnormal nerve impulses and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures. Research has shown that supplementing GABA or promoting its synthesis (such as through glutamate decarboxylase) can significantly improve symptoms in epilepsy patients.
Neurodegenerative disease adjuvant therapy: In Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, by regulating the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, disease progression is delayed. For example, it can inhibit excessive excitation of dopaminergic neurons and protect the function of the nigrostriatal system.
2. Intervention for metabolic diseases
Hypoglycemic effect: By promoting the conversion of pancreatic alpha cells to beta cells, increasing insulin storage, and reducing glucagon levels, it regulates blood glucose balance. Animal experiments have shown that administering GABA to hyperglycemic mice significantly reduces their fasting blood glucose levels, with a better effect than metformin.
Antihypertensive mechanism: By dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure, its pathway of action includes activating GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord vascular motor center and promoting the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells. Clinical studies have shown that after taking GABA supplements orally for 4 weeks, hypertensive patients experience an average decrease of 10-15 mmHg in systolic blood pressure.
3. Protection of liver and kidney function
Hepatoprotective effect: It can activate liver GABA-A receptors, inhibit oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, and alleviate liver damage induced by toxins such as fluoride and ethanol. For example, in the ethanol induced liver injury model, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly reduced by improving liver plate structure and reducing lipid accumulation.
Renal protection mechanism: By regulating renal hemodynamics, improving sodium excretion function, and alleviating acute kidney injury. Research has shown that it can reduce the number of TUNEL positive cells in the kidneys of mice with acute liver injury and lower serum creatinine levels.
4. Clinical adjuvant therapy
Rehabilitation of post-stroke sequelae: By promoting brain glucose metabolism and acetylcholine synthesis, accelerating brain cell repair, and improving language and motor function.
Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: As an adjuvant drug for hepatic coma, it can reduce blood ammonia levels, inhibit glutamate decarboxylation reaction, and alleviate neurotoxic symptoms.
1. Food additives
Flavor enhancer: GABA pure powder has a natural sour taste and can replace some chemical additives to enhance the freshness of food. For example, adding GABA to fermented soy products can increase their umami index by more than 30%.
Moisturizing agents and stabilizers: Their strong hygroscopicity can prevent food from drying and clumping, extending shelf life. Adding 0.1% -0.3% GABA to baked goods can increase the moisture retention rate of bread by 15% -20%.
Nutritional fortifiers: As a new resource food, they are allowed to be added to beverages, dairy products, and functional foods. For example, germinated brown rice beverage rich in GABA can significantly reduce postprandial blood glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2. Development of functional foods
Sleep aid food: By regulating the balance of gamma aminobutyric acid/glutamate, it shortens the time to fall asleep and prolongs the deep sleep cycle. GABA gummies, tea drinks, and other products on the market typically have a single dose of 100-300 mg, which can improve sleep efficiency by 20% -30%.
Anti fatigue food: It delays the occurrence of exercise-induced fatigue by inhibiting the transmission of central fatigue signals. After athletes supplement GABA, the maximum exercise time is extended by 12% -18%, and the blood lactate clearance rate is increased by 25%.
Children's growth food: By promoting the secretion of growth hormone, it assists in the height development of adolescents. Clinical data shows that children who supplement with 50 mg GABA daily experience an annual increase in height of 1.2-1.8 cm compared to the control group.
1. Plant growth regulators
Enhanced stress resistance: By activating the plant antioxidant enzyme system, crops can improve their tolerance to drought, salinity, and low temperatures. For example, spraying 10-20 mg/L GABA solution during wheat grain filling can increase thousand grain weight by 8% -12% and improve lodging resistance by 30%.
Yield increase: It promotes fruit enlargement by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products. Spraying GABA during tomato fruiting period can increase single fruit weight by 15% -20% and vitamin C content by 25%.
2. Feed additives
Livestock and poultry growth promotion: By improving the balance of gut microbiota and increasing feed conversion rate. Adding 2-4 g/kg GABA to broiler feed can increase daily weight gain by 10% -15% and reduce feed to meat ratio by 0.2-0.3.
Meat quality improvement: It reduces subcutaneous fat thickness in livestock and poultry by inhibiting the expression of genes related to fat synthesis. For example, adding GABA to the feed of fattening pigs can reduce backfat thickness by 0.5-1.0 cm and increase muscle marble score by 1-2 levels.
1. Biomaterial precursors
Synthesis of Nylon-4: GABA pure powder is a key monomer for preparing biodegradable Nylon-4, which generates polymer materials through ring opening polymerization reactions and is widely used in the fields of medical sutures and environmentally friendly packaging.
Peptide and protein synthesis: As a raw material for amino acid drugs, GABA participates in the synthesis of bioactive substances such as glutathione and coenzyme A, and has important value in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates.
2. Green chemistry catalysis
Microbial fermentation production: Using microbial fermentation methods such as lactic acid bacteria and yeast to produce GABA has the advantages of low cost and high safety. For example, by optimizing the fermentation process of lactic acid bacteria, the yield of GABA can reach over 50 g/L, meeting the industrial demand.
Whole cell catalysis technology: immobilizing GABA synthase on the surface of the cell membrane to achieve continuous production. This technology can increase the reaction conversion efficiency to over 95% and significantly reduce energy consumption.
1. Anti aging mechanism
Collagen synthesis promotion: GABA increases collagen expression by activating the TGF - β signaling pathway in fibroblasts. The experiment shows that the essence containing 2% GABA can increase the skin elastic modulus by 18% -22%.
Free radical scavenging: It inhibits lipid peroxidation by chelating metal ions. In the DPPH radical scavenging experiment, the IC50 value of GABA was 0.8 mg/mL, indicating superior antioxidant capacity compared to vitamin C.
2. Skin barrier repair
Reduced transcutaneous water loss (TEWL): GABA enhances skin barrier function by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins in keratinocytes. Clinical tests showed that after 4 weeks of continuous use of cream containing 1% GABA, TEWL value decreased by 25% -30%.
Anti inflammatory effect: It reduces UV induced skin inflammation by inhibiting the NF - κ B signaling pathway. In animal models, GABA can reduce the erythema index by 40% -50%.
In 1993, some scholars successfully developed GABA by chemical synthesis for the first time. Thereafter, the relevant research has become increasingly rich. In order to obtain more GABA, researchers have started various attempts and obtained many achievements.
1. Chemical synthesis method:
Important chemical synthesis mainly includes the following:
The first is to use potassium phthalate and γ- As the raw material for GABA, cyanobutyrin or butyrolactone react violently and hydrolyze to obtain GABA as the final product;
The second is to use pyrrolidone as the initial raw material, hydrolyze it through calcium hydroxide and ammonium bicarbonate, and finally open the ring to obtain GABA;
The third is to use butyric acid and ammonia as raw materials of GABA, so that γ GABA was obtained by light reaction under X-ray condition;
The fourth method is to synthesize GABA Pure Powder by glow discharge with propamine and formic acid;
The fifth is that methyl bromoacetate and ethylene are used as raw materials to prepare GABA, methyl 4-bromobutyrate is obtained through polymerization, and the final product is GABA after ammonolysis and hydrolysis. The chemical synthesis methods of GABA have the disadvantages of difficult reaction control and high cost.
2. Plant enrichment method:
The plant enrichment method is a new developed synthetic extraction purification technology, which uses plants with high GABA content for separation and extraction, so that there is a cheap and high purity GABA product. There are two main methods to obtain GABA from plants: one is solvent extraction and purification, and the other is column separation and preparation.
(1) Solvent extraction
The solvent extraction method uses water or alcohol as the extractant of GABA. According to the principle of different plant solubility in water or alcohol and distribution coefficient, GABA is put into water or alcohol, and after repeated filtration and purification, most of GABA in plants can be extracted.
(2) Column separation preparation method
Column separation preparation method, also known as column chromatography, is a method of elution separation and other subsequent operations based on the principle that components in different mixtures have different distribution coefficients in the solid and liquid phases. Its general classification should be attributed to chromatography. Generally, resin, silica gel or activated carbon are used as filling materials for chromatographic columns.
3. Microbial fermentation:
Microbial fermentation method is to prepare and produce GABA by selecting excellent, stable, non-toxic and harmless strains in the process of growth and reproduction. Although this method has strict requirements for the environment and equipment, the GABA produced by this method can be used as a natural food additive. Microbial fermentation is one of the earliest and most widely used production methods in the food industry. The first microorganism to be used is Escherichia coli, whose decarboxylase can be used to produce GABA. However, due to its own security risks, it has been unable to be directly used in the production of drugs or food.
With the development of science and technology, people pay more and more attention to green food. Later, researchers found that lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Aspergillus and other microorganisms can be used to replace Escherichia coli to catalyze the production of GABA. Moreover, under the condition of low cost, it has the advantages of high output and good safety, and this method has gradually developed into industrialized production.
γ-Aminobutyric acid alias 4-aminobutyric acid (γ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA pure powder for short) is an amino acid, chemical formula: H2NCH2CH2COOH; Molecular weight: 103.1. GABA is white crystalline powder without optical activity. The melting point is 195-204 ℃ (decomposition), which is miscible with water, slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone, and insoluble in benzene and ether. During decomposition, water will be lost to generate pyrrolidone.
GABA often exists in solution in the form of zwitterion (negatively charged carboxyl group and positively charged amino group). Due to the electrostatic interaction between positively charged and negatively charged groups, GABA can have both the molecular conformation in gaseous (folded) and solid (stretched) state in solution. However, the coexistence of multiple molecular conformations in solution enables GABA to bind to multiple receptor proteins and perform multiple important physiological functions.
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