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Sodium bromide powder, mainly composed of sodium bromide, is an inorganic compound, colorless cubic crystal or white granular powder, odorless, salty, and slightly bitter. Sodium bromide is easy to absorb water and agglomerate in the air but does not deliquesce. Sodium bromide is easily soluble in water (90.5g/100ml water at 20 º C and 121g / 100ml water at 100 º C). The aqueous solution is neutral, Conductive. Slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in acetonitrile and acetic acid. The sodium bromide solution is neutral. Sodium bromide is slightly soluble in alcohol and can react with dilute sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen bromide. Under acidic conditions, sodium bromide can be oxidized to form sodium bromide oxide and free bromine.
| Chemical Formula | BrNa |
| Exact Mass | 293 |
| Molecular Weight | 293 |
| m/z | 102 (100.0%), 104 (97.3%) |
| Elemental Analysis | Br, 77.66; Na, 22.34 |
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Sodium bromide pool can be used in the industrial production of sodium bromide salt. Sodium bromide can be used in photosensitive industry, perfume industry, printing and dyeing industry, as well as micro determination of cadmium, manufacture of bromide, inorganic and organic synthesis, photographic paper plate, etc.
Sodium bromide powder (NaBr), as an important inorganic compound, plays a crucial role in various fields such as medicine, chemical industry, photography, printing and dyeing, fragrance, etc. due to its unique chemical properties and wide applicability.
Sodium bromide has a long history of application in the pharmaceutical field, and its core value lies in its regulatory effect on the central nervous system. Bromine ions (Br -) can achieve sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant effects by enhancing the inhibitory process of the cerebral cortex. Specific application scenarios include:
1. Sedatives and Hypnotics
At the beginning of the 20th century, sodium bromide was widely used to treat neurasthenia, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. Its mechanism of action lies in the stabilizing effect of bromide ions on neuronal cell membranes, which can reduce neural excitability. For example, in veterinary clinical practice, sodium bromide solution is used to calm agitated animals at a single dose of 0.05-0.1g/kg body weight. Although safer benzodiazepines have gradually replaced sodium bromide in modern medicine, they still exist as auxiliary ingredients in compound preparations.
2. Anticonvulsant drugs
Sodium bromide can be used as an adjuvant therapy for epileptic seizures and preeclampsia induced seizures.
Reduce abnormal discharge frequency by regulating neuronal electrical activity. Clinical studies have shown that the combination of sodium bromide and phenobarbital can reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures by 40% -60%.
3. Diuretic
Sodium bromide can promote the excretion of sodium and chlorine by the kidneys, thereby increasing urine output. Its diuretic effect is mild and commonly used for the treatment of mild edema, with a daily dose usually not exceeding 12g.
4. Side effects and safety:
The side effects of sodium bromide mainly include nausea, headache, and bromine poisoning (long-term use leads to skin lesions and memory loss). In modern medicine, its oral preparations have been strictly restricted from use and are only retained in specific compound injection solutions.
Sodium bromide, as an important chemical raw material, participates in the synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds, and its applications cover the following directions:
1. Bromide preparation
Sodium bromide is a key raw material for the synthesis of bromine (Br ₂), hydrogen bromide (HBr), and bromoethane (C2H5Br). For example, hydrogen bromide can be produced by reacting with concentrated sulfuric acid:
NaBr+H2SO 4 →HBr+NaHSO 4
This reaction is widely used in organic synthesis to introduce bromine atoms.
2. Organic synthesis catalyst
In the TEMPO/NaOCl oxidation reaction of alcohols, sodium bromide as a co catalyst can significantly enhance the reaction rate. For example, the yield of primary alcohol oxidation to aldehyde was increased from 65% to 92%, and the reaction conditions were milder (completed at room temperature).
3. Metal surface treatment
Sodium bromide can be used as an electroplating additive to improve the uniformity of the coating. In nickel electroplating, adding 0.1mol/L sodium bromide can reduce the roughness of the coating by 30% and enhance its corrosion resistance.
The photosensitive industry: the core material for image recording
Sodium bromide is the core component of traditional photosensitive materials, and its application runs through the entire film manufacturing process:
1. Preparation of silver bromide emulsion
In the production of black and white film, sodium bromide reacts with silver nitrate to form silver bromide (AgBr) microcrystals, which are key photosensitive substances. By controlling the concentration of sodium bromide (usually 0.1-0.5mol/L), the grain size of silver bromide can be adjusted, thereby affecting the sensitivity (ISO value) and resolution of the film. For example, Kodak T-MAX 400 film achieved high particle fineness at 400ISO by optimizing the sodium bromide addition process.
2. Production of photo paper and printing paper
Sodium bromide is also used to prepare the photosensitive layer of photographic paper, and its composite system with gelatin can ensure the long-term stability of the image. Experimental data shows that after 50 years of storage in the dark, the image density attenuation of photographic paper containing 2% sodium bromide does not exceed 15%.
Sodium bromide powder plays a dual role as a technical additive and raw material in light industry:
1. Printing and dyeing industry
As a brominating agent, sodium bromide can improve the dye uptake rate. In reactive dye dyeing, adding 1g/L sodium bromide can increase the dye uptake of cotton fabric from 75% to 88%, while reducing dye usage by 10%. In addition, it can also adjust the pH value of the dye solution to prevent dye hydrolysis.
2. Spice synthesis
Sodium bromide is a key raw material for the synthesis of fragrances such as β - phenylethanol. The introduction of bromine atoms on the benzene ring through bromination reaction, followed by reduction, can produce β - phenylethanol with a rose aroma. A certain spice company increased the synthesis yield of β - phenylethanol from 60% to 82% by optimizing the dosage of sodium bromide.
Other innovative applications
1. Water treatment disinfection
The combination of sodium bromide and chlorine can enhance the disinfection effect of swimming pools. Sodium bromide releases bromide ions in water, which react with chlorine to produce hypobromous acid (HOBr). Its bactericidal efficiency is 1.5 times that of hypochlorous acid, and the residue is more easily degraded. A trial conducted at a certain spa center showed that the combined disinfection of sodium bromide and chlorine can increase the killing rate of Escherichia coli from 95% to 99.9%.
2. Analytical chemistry
Sodium bromide can be used for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium. By generating cadmium bromide precipitate (Ksp=1.0 × 10 ⁻¹⁴), detection of cadmium ion concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm can be achieved. In addition, it can also serve as an indicator for redox titration.
3. Petroleum industry
Adding sodium bromide to drilling fluid can adjust the density (1.0-2.3g/cm ³) while suppressing shale hydration expansion. After using sodium bromide based drilling fluid in a certain oil field, the wellbore stability increased by 40% and the drilling efficiency increased by 25%.
Industrial method:
Add slight excess bromine directly into saturated sodium bromide powder hot solution to form a mixture of bromide and bromate:
3Br2+6NaOH=5NaBr+NaBrO3+3H2O
Evaporate the mixture to dryness, mix the solid residue obtained with carbon powder for heating, and reduce bromate to bromide:
NaBrO3+3C=NaBr+3CO↑
Finally, it is dissolved in water, filtered and crystallized, and dried at 110 to 130 ℃.
This method is a general method for preparing bromide from bromine, which is generally used in industry.
Neutralization method:
The raw material is sodium bicarbonate: sodium bicarbonate is dissolved in water and then neutralized with 35% to 40% hydrogen bromide to obtain a sodium bromide solution. After concentration and cooling, sodium bromide dihydrate is separated.
After filtration, dissolve the dihydrate and then drip bromine water until the bromine color gradually appears.
Heat, decolorize with hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution, and then boil.
Settle crystal free bodies at high temperatures, transfer to a dryer after drying, and maintain at 110 ° C for 1 hour.
Then, cool in a dryer containing calcium bromide desiccant to obtain anhydrous sodium bromide (reagent grade).
Reaction principle:
HBr+NaHCO ｜ → NaBr+CO2 ↑+H2O
Take 40% liquid alkali as raw material: pour hydrogen bromide acid into the reaction pot, slowly add 40% liquid alkali solution, stir continuously, neutralize to pH 7.5-8.0, and react to generate sodium bromide solution.
Centrifuge the sodium bromide solution and filter it to the diluted sodium bromide solution storage tank.
Then pump it into the evaporation tank for concentration, and add the intermediate 1-2 times.
When the specific gravity is about 1.55 ° Be, centrifuge and filter into the concentrated sodium bromide solution storage tank.
Then press it into the crystallization tank, cool and stir the crystallization, and release the finished product.
Return the mother liquor to the dilute sodium bromide solution storage tank.
Reaction principle:
HBr+NaOH → NaBr+H2O
3. Urea reduction method:
In the alkali dissolution tank, dissolve soda ash in hot water at 50-60 ° C, then add urea to obtain a 21 ° Be solution.
Then transfer it to the reduction reaction pot and slowly introduce bromine.
The reaction temperature is controlled at 75-85 ° C. When the pH value reaches 6-7, the reaction reaches the endpoint.
Stop introducing and stirring bromine to obtain sodium bromide solution.
Adjust the pH to 2 with hydrogen bromide, and then adjust the pH to 6-7 with urea and sodium hydroxide to remove bromate.
Heat the solution to boiling point and add a saturated solution of barium bromide with a pH of 6-7 to remove sulfates.
If there is too much barium salt, dilute sulfuric acid can be added to remove it.
After removing impurities, add activated carbon to the reaction material and let it sit for 4-6 hours.
After the solution is clarified, absorb and filter it, evaporate it under normal pressure, and replenish the intermediate multiple times.
Stop feeding 2 hours before crystallization. Adjust the pH to 6-7 one hour before crystallization. It is separated and dried using a rotary dryer to obtain sodium bromide.
Reaction principle:
3Br2+3Na2CO3+NH2CONH2=6NaBr+4CO2 ↑+N2 ↑+2H2O
Other methods:
It is obtained by directly reacting iron with bromine to form ferrous bromide, and then azeotropizing with sodium carbonate. The by-product is basic ferrous carbonate, which turns into colloidal compound of ferrous and high iron after boiling and filters very slowly. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it is better to add bromine twice. The final product is mainly iron oxide, so it is easy to filter and clean. The reaction is as follows:
Fe+Br2→FeBr2
FeBr2+Br2→FeBr2·FeBr3
FeBr2·FeBr3+Na2CO3→NaBr+FeO·Fe2O3+CO2↑
4. Sodium oxalate reduction method:
The sodium oxalate method introduces purified bromine into high-purity sodium oxalate to prepare a pure sodium bromide aqueous solution, removes the settled dihydrate, and recrystallizes with water.
Dissolve the crystal in a small amount of water, drop it into bromine water to make it slightly colored, heat it up and decolorize it with hydrogen sulfide solution, then boil it directly to separate most of the anhydrous substances.
Remove a small amount of residual mother liquor and continue heating.
After drying, place it in a dryer and dry at 110 ° C for 1 hour, then cool to obtain sodium bromide.
The cost of using sodium oxalate in this process is high.
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