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Tetrachloroethylene, CAS 127-18-4, Molecular formula C2Cl4 is a colorless, transparent, and easily flowing liquid at room temperature. It is non flammable, has a special odor, and is slightly soluble in water. Its solubility in water at 20 ℃ is 0.015g/100ml, and it is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Incompatible with strong oxidants and chemically active metals such as barium, lithium, and beryllium, tetrachloroethylene is quite stable, but reacts violently with concentrated nitric acid, producing carbon dioxide. Most of its applications are as chemical intermediates, with a small portion used for metal cleaning and aerosol degreasing. It can also be used for dry cleaning and textile processing. Tetrachloroethylene can be added to aerosols, solvent soaps, inks, adhesives, sealants, polishes, lubricants, and silicone. Printing correction fluid and shoe polish are consumer products containing tetrachloroethylene that the general public is more exposed to.
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Chemical Formula |
C2Cl4 |
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Exact Mass |
164 |
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Molecular Weight |
166 |
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m/z |
166 (100.0%), 164 (78.2%), 168 (47.9%), 170 (10.2%), 167 (2.2%), 165 (1.7%), 169 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 14.49; Cl, 85.51 |
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Tetrachloroethylen, is a colorless and transparent volatile liquid with a chloroform like odor. Its chemical properties are stable, and it can remain stable even when heated to 500 ℃ in the absence of air, moisture, and catalysts. It also has strong solubility and can be mixed with most organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, chloroform, etc. With these characteristics, tetrachloroethylen has become one of the most widely used chlorinated hydrocarbons in the industrial field, with applications covering multiple fields such as solvents, chemical raw materials, analytical reagents, environmentally friendly materials, and consumer goods.
It occupies a dominant position in the field of industrial solvents, accounting for over 40% of its applications, mainly due to its excellent degreasing performance and chemical stability. In the metal processing industry, it is widely used for cleaning oil stains on metal surfaces such as stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and copper alloys. For example, in the manufacturing of automotive engine components, tetrachloroethylen solvent can efficiently remove industrial oils and fats such as stamping oil and cutting fluid, without corroding metal substrates. The catalyst grade tetrachloroethylene developed by Zhejiang Juhua Co., Ltd. reduces the metal corrosion rate to below 0.001mm/year by adding nanoscale stabilizers. It has been applied in the petroleum catalyst regeneration process, significantly extending the service life of the catalyst.
In the electronics industry, it is a key solvent for cleaning printed circuit boards (PCBs). Its low surface tension characteristics can penetrate into micrometer sized pores and thoroughly remove flux residues. After adopting the vacuum cleaning process of tetrachloroethylen, a semiconductor enterprise increased the product yield from 92% to 98.5%, and reduced the cost of single chip cleaning by 0.3 yuan. In addition, it is also used for cleaning high value-added products such as optical lenses and precision bearings. Its characteristic of leaving no residue after volatilization ensures that the surface smoothness of the product reaches the Ra0.01 μ m level.
Once occupying 85% of the global dry cleaning agent market, its strong solubility can efficiently remove grease, sweat stains and other dirt from clothing, and has minimal damage to natural fibers (such as wool and silk) and synthetic fibers (such as polyester and nylon). According to data from the American Dry Cleaning Industry Association, the single wash cost of dry cleaning machines using tetrachloroethylen is 40% lower than that of hydrocarbon solvents, and the equipment maintenance cycle is extended to 3000 times per year. However, its toxicity has sparked environmental controversy: tetrachloroethylen is classified as a Class 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and long-term exposure may cause liver damage, neurological disorders, and reproductive toxicity. In response to environmental pressures, the industry is accelerating its transformation. Europe has issued the 'Dry Detergent Restriction Directive', requiring the complete phase out of tetrachloroethylen by 2030.
Alternative solutions include:
Wet washing technology: using water-based detergent combined with professional equipment, it can process 90% of regular clothes, but requires additional investment in drying equipment;
Liquid carbon dioxide cleaning: utilizing the solubility characteristics of supercritical CO ₂, the cost is twice as high as tetrachloroethylen, but there is no pollution risk;
Silicon based solvents, such as decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), have a biodegradation rate of 90%, but are three times more expensive than tetrachloroethylen.
However, it still has advantages in the high-end dry cleaning market. A luxury brand dry cleaning shop adopts a closed tetrachloroethylen recovery system to control solvent loss below 0.5%/time, and uses activated carbon adsorption technology to reduce emission concentration below 5mg/m ³, meeting the EU Emission Standard V.
It is one of the core raw materials in the fluorine chemical industry chain, and its downstream products cover multiple fields such as refrigerants, foaming agents, fire extinguishing agents, etc
Refrigerant production: Tetrachloroethylen can be catalytically hydrogenated and dechlorinated to produce trichloroethylene, which is further fluorinated to produce pentafluoroethane (R125). R125 is a key component of R410A (a 50:50 mixture of R32 and R125), widely used in household air conditioning and commercial refrigeration equipment. The fluorocarbon grade tetrachloroethylen production line of Zhejiang Juhua Co., Ltd. has increased the yield of R125 to 92% by optimizing the catalyst formula, with an annual production capacity of 50000 tons per unit.
Fluorinated polymer: can polymerize to form polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) precursor - tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). PTFE has excellent chemical corrosion resistance and is used to manufacture non stick coatings for chemical pipelines, seals, and cookware. A certain chemical enterprise adopts the gas-phase cracking process of tetrachloroethylen, with a TFE selectivity of 98% and a 15% reduction in energy consumption per unit product.
Organic intermediate: Under the catalysis of aluminum trichloride, benzene undergoes Friedel Crafts alkylation reaction to synthesize hexachlorobenzene, which is a raw material for the production of sodium pentachlorophenol (wood preservative) and chlorothalonil (fungicide).
Irreplaceability in the field of analytical chemistry:
Chromatographic analysis: As a stationary liquid or solvent for gas chromatography (GC), its high boiling point (121.2 ℃) and chemical inertness ensure the accuracy of analysis results. For example, in pesticide residue detection, tetrachloroethylene is used to extract organochlorine pesticides from vegetable samples, with a recovery rate of over 95%.
Spectral analysis: In atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), as a matrix modifier, it can eliminate the interference of elements such as sodium and potassium in the sample.
A certain environmental monitoring agency used a tetrachloroethylen nitric acid system to treat soil samples, reducing the detection limits of lead and cadmium to 0.1mg/kg.
Standard substance: Tetrachloroethylen is designated as an ISO 17034 certified standard substance for calibrating analytical instruments. For example, its purity standard (99.99%) is used to validate the column efficiency and separation efficiency of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
The application in the field of consumer goods is hidden but widespread:
Shoe polish and leather care: Its strong solubility can quickly remove stains on the leather surface and form a protective film. A certain international brand of shoe polish adopts microencapsulated tetrachloroethylen technology, which reduces the volatilization rate by 80% and extends the care effect to 30 days.
Printing correction fluid: As a solvent, it can dissolve pigments and resins, ensuring smooth writing with correction fluid. A stationery company has optimized the formula to shorten the drying time of correction fluid to 5 seconds without any irritating odor.
Aerosol propellant: In spray insecticide, hair gel and other products, tetrachloroethylen is mixed with propane and butane to adjust the spray rate and atomization effect. A certain aerosol manufacturer uses a mixed propellant of tetrachloroethylen LPG to stabilize the product's injection pressure at 0.4 MPa and cover a radius of 3 meters.
1. Ethylene method This method can co-produce trichloroethylene and it which can be divided into the following two methods.
A. Direct chlorinated ethylene and chlorine react in 1,2-dichloroethane solution containing FeCl3 catalyst at 280-450 ℃ to generate 1,2-dichloroethane, and then further chlorinate to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. After distillation, neutralize, wash and dry with NH3 respectively to obtain the finished product.
B. Oxychlorination generates 1,2-dichloroethane by the addition of ethylene and chlorine. 1,2-dichloroethane reacts with chlorine and oxygen under the conditions of 425 ℃ and 138-207kPa using CuCl2 and KCl as catalysts. The products are cooled, washed, dried and distilled to obtain high-purity products.
2. The hydrocarbon oxidation method chlorinates and pyrolyses the hydrocarbon mixture containing methane, ethane, propane, propylene, etc. at 50-500 ℃ to obtain the chlorinated hydrocarbon mixture, which is separated into various products after rectification.
3. Acetylene method Acetylene and chlorine are heated and chlorinated to produce 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and the hydrogen chloride is removed by alkali to obtain trichloroethylene, and then pentachloroethane is generated by chlorination, and then the hydrogen chloride is removed by alkali to obtain tetrachloroethylen. Due to the high valence of acetylene, it has been gradually replaced by ethylene method.
Chemical properties of tetrachloroethylene: in the absence of air, moisture and catalyst, it is still stable when heated to 500 ℃. Tetrachloroethane can be generated during hydrogenation. Hexachloroethane is formed during chlorination. it can also react with bromine to produce monobromotrichloride or dibromodichloro compounds. Under the action of catalyst, it can also react with hydrogen fluoride. In the presence of light, air and water for a long time, it is slowly decomposed into trichloroacetaldehyde and phosgene, and corrosion of iron, aluminum, zinc and other metals can be inhibited by adding stabilizers. In the presence of activated carbon, it is heated to 700 ℃ and decomposed into hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane. It can be oxidized by strong oxidants. It can react violently with barium powder, beryllium powder, lithium chips, nitrogen tetroxide and sodium hydroxide. It is toxic and a central nervous system inhibitor, which can cause headache, nausea, vomiting and even coma. Oral LD508850mg/kg in mice. Maximum allowable concentration in the workplace 100 × 10-6.
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