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Cesium chloride powder, also known as cesium chloride salt, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CsCl, CAS 7647-17-8. It exists as a white, crystalline solid under standard conditions, exhibiting a high melting point and stability. It is highly soluble in water, making it useful in various applications ranging from research to industrial processes. This compound is noteworthy for its unique crystal structure, known as the cesium chloride or body-centered cubic (BCC) structure, where cesium ions (Cs+) occupy the corners and center of a cube, while chloride ions (Cl-) are located at the center of each face. This arrangement gives CsCl a distinctive appearance and properties.
In medical research, it has garnered interest due to its potential as an alternative treatment approach, particularly in the field of cancer therapy. However, its use in this context remains controversial and unproven, with clinical trials and scientific evidence lacking to support its effectiveness and safety.
Moreover, it finds applications in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber and in spectroscopy due to its emission of gamma rays upon irradiation. In chemistry, it serves as a source of cesium ions for various experiments and syntheses.
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Chemical Formula |
ClCs |
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Exact Mass |
167.87 |
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Molecular Weight |
168.36 |
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m/z |
167.87 (100.0%), 169.87 (32.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Cl, 21.06; Cs, 78.94 |
Below 445 ℃, the cesium chloride cell is a prime cell (which can be regarded as a simple cubic accumulation of chloride ions, and cesium ions fill the cubic gap). Compounds with this crystal structure include CSCL, CSBR, CSI, tlcl, TlBr and NH4Cl. When the temperature is higher than 445 ℃, it also has a face centered cubic structure with coordination number of 8.
Cesium chloride powder (CAS number: 7647-17-8), as an inorganic compound, has shown extensive application value in multiple fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Its colorless cubic crystal structure, high melting point (645 ℃), high boiling point (1290 ℃), and easy solubility in water and polar solvents make it an indispensable key material in scientific research and industrial production.
1. Biomedical and Molecular Separation
The application in the biomedical field focuses on density gradient centrifugation technology, whose core principle is to construct discontinuous cesium chloride concentration gradients and achieve efficient separation by utilizing the density differences of different biomolecules.
DNA and RNA separation: In gene cloning and sequencing, cesium chloride solution can form a stable density gradient, allowing DNA and RNA to be layered according to density during centrifugation. For example, through ultracentrifugation, DNA settles in areas with higher concentrations of cesium chloride, while RNA stays in lower concentration layers, achieving high-purity separation.
Virus and protein purification: Cesium chloride gradient centrifugation can also be used to separate virus particles (such as adenovirus, bacteriophages) and protein complexes. Its advantage is that it does not require chemical modification and can maintain the natural activity of biomolecules.
Purification of Cryptosporidium Oocysts: In parasitic research, cesium chloride gradient centrifugation is the standard method for purifying Cryptosporidium Oocysts. By precisely controlling the centrifugation conditions, high activity and low contamination samples can be obtained.
2. Materials Science and Preparation of Functional Materials
The ionic properties of cesium chloride make it a "structural regulator" in materials science, optimizing material properties through methods such as ion doping and interface modification.
Perovskite photovoltaic devices:
Lattice stability: In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), cesium chloride (CsE) can be embedded in the FAPbI3 lattice to suppress the phase transition from alpha to delta, reducing the efficiency decay rate of the device from 45% to 18% after 500 hours at a high temperature of 85 ℃.
Defect passivation: Cl ⁻ ions fill the vacancies in the perovskite lattice, reducing the density of defect states from 1.5 × 10 ¹⁶ cm ⁻ ³ to 7.2 × 10 ¹⁵ cm ⁻ ³, and increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) from 22.3% to 24.1%.
Blue light PeLED optimization: The half peak width of CsPbCl ∝ quantum dots modified with cesium chloride was narrowed from 28 nm to 22 nm, and the quantum yield (PLQY) increased from 65% to 82%, significantly improving color purity and luminescence efficiency.
Catalytic field:
Carbon dioxide reduction: Cesium chloride is loaded onto the surface of Cu based catalysts, and the electron donation effect of Cs ⁺ can regulate the surface electronic state of Cu, increasing CO selectivity from 58% to 83% while inhibiting H ₂ generation.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production: Cesium chloride is introduced into g-C ∝ N ₄ photocatalyst, and Cs ⁺ is intercalated into the interlayer, expanding the interlayer spacing and promoting the separation of photogenerated charges. The hydrogen generation rate is increased from 120 μ mol · g ⁻¹· h ⁻¹ to 280 μ mol · g ⁻¹· h ⁻¹, and the activity retention rate reaches 90% after 10 cycles.
Functional material synthesis:
3. Nuclear Science and Energy Technology
The application of cesium chloride in the field of nuclear science is mainly based on its neutron absorption and radioactive tracer properties.
Neutron source and detector material: Cesium chloride can be used as a neutron absorber for monitoring and control of nuclear reactors. Its high density (3.988 g/cm ³) and high refractive index make it an ideal material for optical windows and laser crystals.
Radioisotope preparation: In nuclear medicine, cesium chloride can be used to prepare radioactive tracers, such as compounds labeled with ¹³ ⁷ Cs, for tumor diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Plutonium production by molten salt electrolysis: In the atomic energy industry, cesium chloride is paired with plutonium chloride to extract metallic plutonium through molten salt electrolysis, which is a key link in the nuclear fuel cycle.
4. Electronic Industry and Optical Devices
The conductivity and optical properties of cesium chloride powder make it important for applications in the electronics industry.
Preparation of conductive glass: Indium tin oxide (ITO) glass doped with cesium chloride has higher conductivity and transparency, and is widely used in fields such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and solar cells.
Phototube and X-ray fluorescence screen: Cesium chloride can be used as a dopant for optoelectronic materials to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. In X-ray fluorescence screens, its high atomic number (Cs: 55) can enhance X-ray absorption capability and improve imaging resolution.
5. Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Testing
Cesium chloride is mainly used as a high-purity reagent and chromatographic fixative in analytical chemistry.
Drip analysis: used for qualitative detection of trivalent chromium and gallium, achieving rapid analysis through the formation of characteristic precipitates or color reactions.
Gas chromatography stationary phase: suitable for high-temperature chromatographic analysis of biphenyl, triphenylene, etc. Its thermal stability (melting point 645 ℃) can withstand high-temperature separation conditions.
Spectral analysis reagent: Cesium chloride can be used as a baseline calibrator or internal standard in microscope analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy to improve analysis accuracy.
1. lead-free perovskite adaptation
In response to the problem of easy oxidation and poor stability of lead-free tin based perovskites (such as CsSnI3), cesium chloride can inhibit Sn ² ⁺ oxidation by forming CsSnCl3 solid solution. Research has shown that CsSnI3 thin films doped with 5% cesium chloride maintain an initial efficiency of 85% after being exposed to air for 100 hours, while the efficiency of undoped samples decreases to 40%. This breakthrough laid the foundation for the industrialization of lead-free perovskite devices.
2. Multi scale catalytic regulation
Combining in-situ characterization techniques such as in-situ XRD and XPS, investigate the dynamic mechanism of cesium chloride in catalytic reactions.
For example, in the CO ₂ hydrogenation to methanol reaction, in-situ XRD revealed that cesium chloride can stabilize the active phase of CuZnAl catalyst, increasing methanol selectivity from 65% to 82%. This discovery provides atomic level control ideas for catalyst design.
3. Biomedical imaging enhancement
Cesium chloride based fluorescent materials have shown great potential in the field of biological imaging. For example, CsPbBr ∝ nanocrystals can be used for fluorescence imaging of living tumors, with their emission wavelength (520 nm) shifted from the self fluorescence wavelength of biological tissues (450-500 nm), which can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, surface modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG) can prolong the circulation time of nanocrystals in the blood and improve targeted delivery efficiency.
Synthesis method
Cs2CO3+ 2 HCl → 2 CsCl + 2 H2O + CO2
When ph=3, boil for half an hour and add cesium hydroxide to make the pH value of the solution neutral. After filtration, the filtrate is evaporated and concentrated to a large amount of crystallization, cooled to room temperature, the mother liquor is separated, cleaned and dried at 100 º C, which is the finished product.
Dissolve 15g in 100ml of water by heating. Dissolve the stoichiometric 24.2g mercuric chloride in 25ml 4mol hydrochloric acid. Add the hgcl2/hcl solution to the above solution while it is hot, stir, mix, and cool to precipitate cshgcl3 crystals. Absorb and filter, collect crystallization, and discard mother liquor. Dissolve the crystals in 120ml of hot water, and crystallize again after cooling. For this reason, the alkali metal can be reduced to less than 0.01% by repeated recrystallization for 2 ~ 3 times. Finally, the crystallization is dissolved in hot water, H2S gas is introduced to saturate the solution, and HgS precipitates out. After the HgS is filtered, the filtrate is collected and evaporated to dryness, pure cesium chloride can be obtained.
Dissolve 15g in 100ml of water by heating. Dissolve the stoichiometric 24.2g mercuric chloride in 25ml 4mol hydrochloric acid. Add the HgCl2 and HCl solution to the above solution while it is hot, stir, mix and cool to precipitate cshgcl3 crystals. Absorb and filter, collect crystallization, and discard mother liquor. Dissolve the crystals in 120ml of hot water, and crystallize again after cooling. For this reason, the alkali metal can be reduced to less than 0.01% by repeated recrystallization for 2-3 times. Finally, the crystallization is dissolved in hot water, H2S gas is introduced to saturate the solution, and HgS precipitates out. After the HgS is filtered, the filtrate is collected and evaporated to dryness, pure cesium chloride powder can be obtained.
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