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Tellurium powder, a non-metallic element in the 16th group of the fifth period of the periodic table, CAS 13494-80-9, Element symbol Te, atomic number 52, relative atomic mass 127.6. Silver white with metallic luster solid. The relative density of crystalline tellurium is 6.25g/cm3, with a melting point of 452 ℃ and a boiling point of 1390 ℃. Tellurium is insoluble in water, benzene, and carbon disulfide, but soluble in solutions of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, aqua regia, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cyanide.
At room temperature, it can be oxidized or react with halogens to form halides. Tellurides can be heated and reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid to produce tellurium dioxide or telluric acid, which can then be reduced with sulfur dioxide or carbon to prepare it. It can also be prepared by electrolysis. Purification can be achieved through electrolytic refining, vacuum distillation, and extraction methods.
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Chemical Formula |
Te |
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Exact Mass |
130 |
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Molecular Weight |
128 |
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m/z |
130 (100.0%), 128 (93.1%), 126 (55.3%), 125 (20.7%), 124 (13.9%), 122 (7.5%), 123 (2.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
Te, 100.00 |
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The content of tellurium on Earth is lower than that of selenium. Elemental tellurium is even rarer. Tellurium often coexists with selenium in various telluric ores and is a byproduct of refining metals. Adding tellurium to steel can increase its ductility. Trace amounts of tellurium in cast iron can make the surface of castings hard and wear-resistant. Adding lead can increase the hardness of lead. It can also be used as a coloring agent for battery plates, printed lead letters, blue, brown, and red glass, a vulcanizing agent for rubber, and a brightener in electroplating solutions.
Tellurium powder is a metallic element with the symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic mass 127.6. It belongs to the VIA group in the periodic table and has unique physical and chemical properties, making it widely applicable in multiple fields.
1. Metallurgical industry
Tellurium is mainly used as an alloying element for non-ferrous metals and steel in the metallurgical industry. In the non-ferrous metal industry, tellurium is used to improve the cutting performance of copper alloys, increase their hardness and plasticity. Adding tellurium to lead, tin, aluminum, and lead based alloys can significantly improve their wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue resistance.
Adding trace amounts of tellurium (0.03% -0.04%) to cast iron and steel can reduce nitrogen absorption, alter the grain structure of the steel, and improve its strength and corrosion resistance. Steel treated with tellurium has been widely used in mining, automation, railways, and other equipment.
2. Electronic industry
Tellurium plays a crucial role in the electronics industry. It is a key material for producing thin-film solar cells, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells. Cadmium telluride thin film solar cells have the advantages of high conversion efficiency and good stability, and are one of the fastest developing solar cell technologies in the world.
In addition, tellurium is also used in the manufacture of semiconductor materials, infrared detectors, photoelectric field-effect transistors, and thermoelectric power generation materials. Bismuth telluride (Bi ₂ Te ∝) is an important thermoelectric material widely used in the fields of semiconductor refrigeration and thermoelectric power generation.
3. Chemical industry field
In the field of chemical engineering, tellurium is used as a catalyst and vulcanizing agent in the production of synthetic rubber, which can significantly improve the production efficiency, heat resistance, and mechanical strength of rubber. Tellurium compounds are also widely used in the manufacture of photosensitive materials, electroplating solutions, catalysts, and chemical analysis reagents. For example, sodium tellurite can be used to manufacture photosensitive materials, and bismuth tellurite can be used to manufacture thin film transistors (TFTs).
4. Pharmaceutical field
Organic compounds of tellurium have significant anti-tumor effects and can be used for cancer treatment. In addition, tellurium can also be used to manufacture insecticides and fungicides. In the medical field, tellurium is an ideal material for making medical probes, which is used to diagnose and treat breast cancer, thyroid cancer and other tumors. The nonlinear optical properties of tellurium also make it an ideal material for manufacturing biological imaging devices.
5. Other applications
Tellurium can also be used as a coloring agent for glass and ceramics, producing different colors of glass and ceramics. In the glass industry, special glasses containing tellurium dioxide have the characteristics of high refractive index, low deformation, high density, and infrared transparency, and are widely used in the field of infrared optics. In addition, tellurium can also be used to manufacture laser surgical instruments and ophthalmic surgical equipment.
6. Medical Application Cases
In the field of medicine, organic compounds of tellurium have shown significant anti-tumor activity. For example, tellurium compounds can be used to manufacture anti-cancer drugs, which inhibit tumor growth by interfering with the growth and metabolism of tumor cells. In addition, tellurium can also be used to manufacture medical probes, such as cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors, for the field of nuclear medical imaging. CZT detectors have the advantages of high precision and low radiation dose, which can significantly improve the performance of medical imaging equipment and provide strong support for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Tellurium powder can be industrially produced, so it usually does not need to be prepared in the laboratory. Although tellurium has its own independent mineral, it is generally produced as a byproduct of refined copper.
The separation process of tellurium is very complex, depending on the presence of other compounds and elements in the mineral.
The first step
Generally speaking, in the production process is oxidation in the presence of sodium carbonate (soda).
The second step
It is to acidify tellurite (Na2TeO3) with sulfuric acid, so that all tellurite will precipitate in the form of tellurium dioxide, while selenite (H2SeO3) remains in the solution.
The third step
It is to dissolve tellurium dioxide in sodium hydroxide and then electrolyze the sodium tellurite solution to obtain the elemental form of tellurium.
Purification method of tellurium:
Grind industrial tellurium into powder in an agate mortar, load it into a quartz boat, and feed the quartz boat into the front of a quartz tube.
Inject hydrogen gas into the quartz tube and heat the quartz boat until it gradually reaches red heat, at which point tellurium melts.
After about 90% of tellurium evaporates, stop heating and continue to introduce hydrogen gas to cool the system in the hydrogen stream.
Scraping off the product from the quartz tube wall yields preliminarily purified tellurium, while non-volatile impurities in the raw material remain in the residue.
Dissolve the preliminarily purified tellurium in concentrated hydrochloric acid containing a small amount of concentrated nitric acid, and heat for a long time to decompose and remove excess nitric acid.
Dilute with water until hydrolysis does not occur, and filter to remove insoluble impurities. Adding hydrazine hydrate solution to the filtrate can precipitate powdered tellurium.
After pouring out the solution, wash it with water first, then with ethanol. After draining, dry it in a dryer containing concentrated sulfuric acid.
Dissolve the obtained powdered tellurium in 40% nitric acid at a temperature not exceeding 70 ℃. If the temperature is too high, a considerable amount of TeO2 will precipitate.
The concentrated solution can precipitate crystals of basic nitrate Te2O3 (OH) NO3. These crystals are recrystallized once in nitric acid of the same concentration, dried, and placed in a ceramic crucible. They are then burned in an electric furnace to form TeO2.
Dissolve this TeO2 in 25% hydrochloric acid, add hydrazine hydrate solution for reduction, precipitate powdered tellurium, and wash and dry according to the above method. This tellurium is easily oxidized to form TeO2. To prevent oxidation, it can be loaded into a quartz boat and melted in a pure hydrogen gas stream. While maintaining a liquid state, hydrogen gas can continue to be introduced to make its surface completely shiny.
In 1782, German mineralogist Miller von Reichstein discovered an unknown substance while studying German gold ore.
In 1782, Austrian mineralogist Reichenstein was sent to Transylvania as the mining director. A new mineral has been discovered at the local Zlatna gold mine, and Reichenstein discovered tellurium while determining its composition. Based on its color and physical properties, former mining director Rupprecht believed that the ore contains natural antimony. After examining it, Reichenstein believed that this type of ore does not contain antimony, but contains bismuth sulfide. After a year of analysis, Reichenstein reported that this ore does not contain bismuth sulfide, but contains a compound formed from gold and an unknown element with properties similar to antimony. Afterwards, Reichenstein conducted over 50 experiments over a period of 3 years to clarify the properties of the compound.
In 1798, the German Klaprault confirmed this discovery and measured the properties of this material, which was named tellurium according to the Latin Tellus (Earth).
In 1782, Miller, the supervisor of a mine in the Austrian capital Vienna, extracted tellurium from this ore. Initially, he mistakenly believed it to be antimony, but later discovered that its properties were different from antimony, thus confirming it as a new metallic element. In order to obtain confirmation from others, Miller once sent a small sample to Swedish chemist Bergman. Due to the small number of samples, Bergman can only prove that it is not antimony. Miller's discovery was overlooked.
On January 25, 1798, Craprott reintroduced this forgotten element while reading a paper on the gold mines of Transylvania at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He dissolved this mineral in aqua regia and used excess alkali to precipitate it, removing gold and iron. In the precipitate, he discovered this new element and named it tellurium, with the element symbol Te.
Physical property:
There are two allotropes of tellurium, namely black powdery and amorphous tellurium, and silver white, metallic luster, hexagonal crystalline tellurium. Semiconductor, with a band gap of 0.34 electron volts.
Among the two allotropes of tellurium, one is crystalline tellurium, which has metallic luster, silvery white, brittle, and is similar to antimony; The other is amorphous powder, dark gray. Medium density, low melting and boiling points. It is a non-metallic element, but it has very good heat transfer and conductivity. Among all non-metallic companions, it has the strongest metallicity.
Chemical property:
Tellurium burns in the air with a blue flame to produce tellurium dioxide; It can react with halogen, but not with sulfur and selenium. Soluble in sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solutions. React with molten KCN to produce k2te [6].
Hydrotelluric acid formed by dissolving in water has properties similar to hydrosulfuric acid. Tellurium also generates telluric acid H2TeO3 and corresponding salts. Strong oxidants (HClO, H2O2) are used to act on tellurium or TeO2 (stable white crystalline state) to generate h6teo6, which is transformed into powdered h2teo4 at 160 ℃ and teo3 upon further heating. H6teo6 is easily soluble in water (25.3%) and becomes telluric acid, which is a weak acid.
Its chemical properties are very similar to sulfur and selenium, and it has certain toxicity. Heating and melting it in the air will produce white smoke of tellurium oxide. Tellurium powder can make people feel sick, headache, thirst, itchy skin and palpitations. After inhaling extremely low concentrations of tellurium, the human body will produce an unpleasant odor of garlic in exhalation, sweat and urine. This stench is easily felt by others, but I often do not know it.
FAQ
What is a tellurium used for?
Tellurium has been used to vulcanise rubber, to tint glass and ceramics, in solar cells, in rewritable CDs and DVDs and as a catalyst in oil refining. It can be doped with silver, gold, copper or tin in semiconductor applications.
Is tellurium rarer than gold?
Tellurium is one of the least common elements on Earth. Most rocks contain an average of about 3 parts per billion tellurium, making it rarer than the rare earth elements and eight times less abundant than gold.
Is tellurium harmful to humans?
► Tellurium may affect the liver and kidneys.
► High exposure may damage the nervous system. Any evaluation should include a careful history of past and present symptoms with an exam. Medical tests that look for damage already done are not a substitute for controlling exposure.
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