Scopolamine(Hyoscine) (link:https://www.bloomtechz.com/synthetic-chemical/api-researching-only/hyoscine-powder-cas-138-12-5.html) is a white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste, soluble in organic solvents such as water, alcohol and chloroform. It is stable at high temperatures and strong acids, but may decompose in alkaline media. The molecular formula is C17H21NO4, CAS C17H21NO4, and the molecular weight is 303.35 g/mol. Is a chiral molecule, the existence of optical isomers. Its main isomers are D-Scopolamine and L-Scopolamine. Their optical rotation and optical rotation direction are different. It has anticholinergic effects and exerts pharmacological effects by competitively binding to acetylcholine receptors. It also has antihistamine, antiadrenaline, and antidopamine effects.
Description of main purpose:
1. Anticholinergic effects: Scopolamine is an anticholinergic drug that acts by competing with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on receptors. This pharmacological mechanism renders it useful in numerous medical and non-medical applications, including those described below.
2. Sedative and hypnotic effects: Scopolamine is often used for sedation and hypnosis before surgery to help reduce tension and anxiety and promote sleep in patients. It is commonly used to assist anesthesia in surgery, and as a sedative in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting.
3. Treatment of movement disorders: Scopolamine can effectively prevent and alleviate some movement disorders, such as seasickness, aerial motion sickness, and car motion sickness. It reduces nausea and vomiting by suppressing the excitation of the vagus nerve.
4. Treatment of gastrointestinal diseases: Scopolamine has certain applications in the gastrointestinal tract. It is used to treat gastrointestinal spasms and overactivity of the digestive system and is very effective in controlling GI spasms and reducing GI secretions.
5. Ophthalmic applications: Scopolamine can dilate the pupils and provide better vision, and is used in some eye examinations and surgeries. It is often used for fundus examinations, lens replacement surgery, and in other situations where the pupil needs to be dilated.
6. Prophylaxis and treatment of induced emetics: The use of Scopolamine under anesthesia can reduce nausea and vomiting during recovery from anesthesia. It can be used as an anti-nausea drug combined with general anesthesia to reduce the adverse effects of surgery and anesthesia on patients.
7. Psychiatric applications: Scopolamine can also be used in the treatment of some psychiatric disorders. In recent years, it has been used in clinical trials investigating its therapeutic potential for depression. Some studies have shown that Scopolamine can improve mood and cognitive function in people with depression.
8. Other uses: In addition to the common medical applications mentioned above, Scopolamine is also used in some other fields. For example, it is used in canine medicine to treat gastrointestinal problems and control excessive salivation, and it can also be applied in dermal drug delivery systems to aid in the penetration of drugs.
Scopolamine (scopolamine) is an important alkaloid with a wide range of medicinal applications. Its nomenclature refers to the plant it was derived from, its chemical structure, and the contributions of its chemists.
1. Plant source:
Scopolamine was first isolated from plants, mainly from the scopolamine genus (Datura), especially scopolamine (Datura stramonium) and datura (Datura metal). These plants are distributed all over the world, including regions such as Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
2. Structure and chemical properties:
Scopolamine is an alkaloid belonging to the alkaloid atropine analogues with a complex ring structure. Its chemical name is (1S,3R,5R,6R,7S)-6,7-dihydrobenzophenane-1,3,5-triol.
Structural features of Scopolamine include:
- Benzene ring (aromatic ring): a ring structure with six carbon atoms, which are substituted with two hydroxyl groups (OH). This ring is called a monane ring.
- Two hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring: located at carbon atom 1 and carbon atom 3 respectively.
- Position of hydroxyl (OH) substitution: Scopolamine has an additional hydroxyl at carbon 5.
3. History of naming:
The name Scopolamine is derived from the plant's Latin scientific name Scopolia combined with biological activity. Scopolia, a plant genus related to scopolamine, also contains similar alkaloids. Therefore, by combining the names of these two plants, the namer named it Scopolamine.
4. Contributions of relevant chemists:
a) Jean-Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou:
The pair of French chemists were among the early pioneers in the study of alkaloids. In 1819, Pelletier and Caventou first isolated Scopolamine from a plant of the genus Scopolamine and determined its chemical structure.
b) Albert Ladenburg:
German chemist Albert Ladenburg further studied the chemical structure of Scopolamine and proposed the structural formula of Scopolamine around 1880.
c) Arthur Heffter:
German pharmacist Arthur Heffter conducted extensive research in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, deeply exploring the chemical and pharmacological properties of Scopolamine and other alkaloids.