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Acepromazine maleate tablets are a medication with significant clinical value in veterinary medicine. It belongs to the class of phenothiazine derivatives and has played a key role in sedation, anesthesia, and adjuvant therapy for both large and small animals since its application in the veterinary field in the late 1950s. As a widely used drug in veterinary clinical practice, it has multiple pharmacological effects, including dopamine receptor blockade, alpha adrenergic receptor blockade, inhibition of the ascending activation system of the brainstem reticular formation, and impact on the vomiting center of the brainstem. It has important clinical application value in sedation, anesthesia assistance, anti shock, and antiemetics.
Its main active ingredient is Acepromazine Maleate, with a CAS number of 3598-37-6, a molecular formula of C23H26N2O5S, and a molecular weight of 442.53. It is a yellow powder, odorless, bitter in taste, and usually of high purity, such as ≥ 98% (HPLC). In terms of storage, it is necessary to avoid light and store at room temperature to ensure the stability and effectiveness of the drug. It has good solubility in water, with a water solubility of>10mg/mL, which provides convenience for its preparation and use in clinical applications. Meanwhile, it is also soluble in ethanol and slightly soluble in certain other solvents. This solubility characteristic allows veterinarians to select suitable solvents to prepare drug solutions according to actual needs, in order to meet different administration methods.
Our product
Additional information of chemical compound:
| Product Name | Acepromazine Maleate Tablets | Acepromazine Maleate Injection |
| Product Type | Tablets | Injection |
| Product Purity | ≥99% | ≥99% |
| Product Specifications | Customizable | Customizable |
| Product Package | Customizable |
Customizable |
Acepromazine Maleate +. COA
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Certificate of Analysis |
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Compound name |
Acepromazine Maleate | |
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CAS No. |
3598-37-6 | |
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Grade |
Pharmaceutical grade | |
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Quantity |
Customized | |
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Packaging standard |
Customized | |
| Manufacturer | Shaanxi BLOOM TECH Co., Ltd | |
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Lot No. |
20250109001 |
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MFG |
Jan 12th 2025 |
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EXP |
Jan 8th 2029 |
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Structure |
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| TEST STANDARD | GB/T24768-2009 Industry. Stnndard | |
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Item |
Enterprise standard |
Analysis result |
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Appearance |
White or almost white powder |
Conformed |
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Water content |
≤4.5% |
0.30% |
| Loss on drying |
≤1.0% |
0.15% |
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Heavy Metals |
Pb≤0.5ppm |
N.D. |
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As≤0.5ppm |
N.D. | |
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Hg≤0.5ppm |
N.D. | |
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Cd≤0.5ppm |
N.D. | |
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Purity (HPLC) |
≥99.0% |
99.5% |
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Single impurity |
<0.8% |
0.48% |
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Residue on ignition |
<0.20% |
0.064% |
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Total microbial count |
≤750cfu/g |
80 |
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E. Coli |
≤2MPN/g |
N.D. |
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Salmonella |
N.D. | N.D. |
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Ethanol (by GC) |
≤5000ppm |
400ppm |
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Storage |
Store in a sealed, dark and dry place at-20 degrees |
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Sedative effect
Preoperative sedation:
Before animal surgery, the use of acepromazine maleate tabletscan have a good sedative effect. It can alleviate the tension and anxiety of animals, keep them quiet during surgery, and reduce stress reactions. For example, when performing surgeries on large animals such as dogs and cats, administering a certain dose of acetylpromethazine maleate tablets before surgery can make the animals more easily anesthetized, reduce anesthesia risks, and improve the success rate of the surgery. For some large animals, such as horses, similar sedative effects can be achieved before surgery, making it easier for veterinarians to perform surgical procedures.
Daily sedation:
For animals that are prone to excitement and anxiety, such as dogs with behavioral problems, acetaminophen maleate tablets can also be used for daily sedation. By regularly administering appropriate amounts of medication, animal behavior can be improved, reducing aggression, hyperactivity, and other negative behaviors, improving the quality of life of animals, and also facilitating management and care for their owners. For example, for some dogs with separation anxiety disorder, giving acetylpromazine maleate when the owner leaves can alleviate the dog's anxiety and reduce its destructive behavior.
Anesthesia auxiliary effects
Enhance the effect of general anesthetics:
When used in combination with general anesthetics, acetylpromethazine maleate tablets can enhance the effectiveness of general anesthetics. It can reduce the dosage of anesthetics, minimize their side effects, and improve the effectiveness of anesthesia. For example, when used in combination with inhaled anesthetics such as isoflurane, acetylpromethazine maleate tablets can help animals enter anesthesia more quickly, with more stable anesthesia depth and faster postoperative recovery. In some complex surgeries, the use of anesthesia adjuncts can improve the safety and success rate of the surgery.
Composition of hibernation mixture:
Acetylpromazine maleate tablets can also be combined with drugs such as promethazine and pethidine to form hibernation mixtures. Hibernation mixture is commonly used in veterinary clinical practice for the treatment of severe animals, such as severe trauma, shock, etc. By using hibernation agents, animals can enter a state similar to hibernation, reducing their metabolic rate, decreasing oxygen consumption, protecting the function of important organs, and buying time for disease treatment. For example, after a serious injury occurs in an animal, the use of hibernation agents can alleviate the animal's pain and stress response, and promote wound healing.
Anti shock effect:
In some cases of shock, acetylpromethazine maleate tablets also have a certain anti shock effect. It can increase tissue blood perfusion and improve tissue oxygen supply by dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, improving microcirculation, and other mechanisms, thereby alleviating shock symptoms. For example, timely administration of acetylpromethazine maleate tablets may help stabilize the animal's condition and create conditions for subsequent treatment in cases of allergic shock, septic shock, and other conditions. However, it should be noted that its anti shock effect is relatively weak, and for severe shock cases, comprehensive treatment should be combined with other treatment measures.
Antiemetic effect:
As mentioned earlier, acetylpromethazine maleate tablets have antiemetic effects. When animals experience vomiting symptoms such as motion sickness, seasickness, and vomiting caused by gastrointestinal diseases, the use of acetylpromethazine maleate tablets can effectively alleviate vomiting symptoms and improve animal comfort. At the same time, it can also reduce the stimulation of vomiting on the gastrointestinal tract of animals and promote the recovery of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, administering acetylpromethazine maleate during long-distance animal transportation can prevent vomiting caused by motion sickness and seasickness.
Precautions for use
The dosage of acepromazine maleate 10 mg should be determined based on factors such as animal weight, age, health status, and clinical needs. Generally speaking, for large animals such as dogs and cats, the dosage for intramuscular injection is 0.1mg/kg (body weight). The administration methods include oral and intramuscular injection, and veterinarians should choose the appropriate administration method based on specific circumstances. During the administration process, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommended dosage to avoid excessive or insufficient use, which may affect the treatment effect or increase the risk of adverse reactions.
Acetylpromazine maleate tablets are contraindicated for animals allergic to phenothiazine drugs. In addition, in some special cases, such as animals suffering from severe liver and kidney dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, etc., caution should be exercised when using acetylpromethazine maleate tablets, which should be strictly evaluated and guided by a veterinarian. The safety of acetylpromethazine maleate tablets for pregnant and lactating animals is not fully understood, and caution should be exercised when using them to weigh the pros and cons.
When animals are in special physiological states, such as high temperature, low temperature, dehydration, etc., special attention should be paid when using acetylpromazine maleate tablets. In high temperature environments, the metabolic rate of animals increases, and the metabolism and excretion of drugs may accelerate, which may require adjusting the drug dosage; In low temperature environments, the blood circulation of animals slows down, and the distribution and action of drugs may be affected. In a dehydrated state, the blood of animals may concentrate, and the concentration of drugs may increase, increasing the risk of adverse reactions. Therefore, in these cases, veterinarians should adjust medication plans based on the specific conditions of the animals.
When used in combination with sedatives and anticholinergic drugs, acetylpromazine maleate tablets can produce additive effects. Therefore, it is important to adjust the dosage when using them to avoid drug overdose. When used in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, they can enhance each other's efficacy and toxicity, and may cause serious adverse reactions such as hypertension, high fever, and seizures. Therefore, simultaneous use should be avoided. In addition, acetylpromethazine maleate tablets may also affect the metabolism and excretion of other drugs. Veterinarians should fully consider the possibility of drug interactions when using them to avoid unnecessary adverse drug reactions.
Pharmacological action
Dopamine receptor blockade effect
Acepromazine maleate tablets mainly exerts pharmacological effects by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that participates in regulating neural activity in multiple regions of the brain, such as emotion, cognition, and motor control. After binding to dopamine receptors, acetylpromazine maleate inhibits the normal physiological functions of dopamine, resulting in a series of pharmacological effects. This blocking effect is the basis of its antipsychotic effect. Although its antipsychotic effect is weaker than chlorpromazine, in veterinary clinical practice, it is mainly used for purposes such as sedation and anesthesia, rather than primarily for the treatment of mental illness.
Alpha adrenergic receptor blockade
In addition to dopamine receptor blockade, acetylpromazine maleate also has alpha adrenergic receptor blockade. Alpha adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating the cardiovascular and endocrine systems. By blocking alpha adrenergic receptors, acetylpromazine maleate can affect the endocrine system of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, regulating hormone secretion. At the same time, it can also dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure, which has certain application value in some surgeries or treatments that require blood pressure control. For example, during animal anesthesia, the alpha adrenergic receptor blockade effect of acetylpromazine maleate helps maintain stable blood pressure.
Inhibition of Upward Activation System of brainstem reticular formation
The sedative effect of acetylpromazine maleate is derived from its inhibition of the ascending activation system of the brainstem reticular formation. The ascending activation system of the brainstem reticular formation is an important structure for maintaining the arousal state of the cerebral cortex. Acetylpromazine maleate inhibits the activity of this system, reducing the excitability of the cerebral cortex and producing a sedative effect. This sedative effect enables animals to remain quiet and reduce stress responses when faced with various stimuli, which is beneficial for veterinarians to perform various operations and treatments. For example, before surgery, the use of acetylpromethazine maleate injection can quickly induce sedation in animals, facilitating the implementation of anesthesia.
Effects on the vomiting center of the extended brain
Acetylpromazine maleate also has antiemetic effects, which are achieved by affecting the activity of the vomiting center in the brain. The vomiting center of the brain is a key site for regulating the vomiting reflex. Acetylpromazine maleate acts on the central nervous system, inhibiting the occurrence of vomiting reflex and thereby alleviating vomiting symptoms in animals. In some surgical or therapeutic procedures that require avoiding animal vomiting, such as preparation before anesthesia, treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, etc., the antiemetic effect of acetylpromazine maleate has important clinical significance.
Case analysis of drug interactions
Co use cases with sedatives and anticholinergic drugs:
A certain pet hospital used both acetaminophen maleate tablets and another drug with sedative and anticholinergic effects during sedation treatment for a dog with behavioral problems. It was found that the dog experienced adverse reactions such as excessive sedation and respiratory depression. After analysis, this is due to the additive effect of the combination of the two drugs, resulting in a relatively high drug dosage. The veterinarian adjusted the drug dosage in a timely manner and provided corresponding supportive treatment, gradually alleviating the adverse reactions of the dog.
Co use cases with monoamine oxidase inhibitors:
At another animal hospital, an animal with severe psychiatric symptoms was treated with both acepromazine maleate tablets and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Shortly thereafter, the animal exhibited symptoms such as severe hypertension, high fever, convulsions, and unstable vital signs. The veterinarian immediately realized that the adverse reaction was caused by drug interaction, stopped the medication immediately, and took emergency treatment measures such as lowering blood pressure, cooling, and anticonvulsants. After active rescue, the animal's vital signs gradually stabilized.
adverse reaction
Acepromazine Maleate is a phenylthiazide based neuroprotective drug widely used in the veterinary field, mainly for sedation, anti anxiety, and preoperative medication in dogs, cats, and horses. Its mechanism of action involves blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, inhibiting the reticular activating system, thereby producing sedative, muscle relaxant, and antiemetic effects. The onset time of medication varies depending on the route of administration. Oral administration takes about 30 minutes to 1 hour to take effect, and the effect lasts for 1 to 4 hours.
Classification and manifestations of common adverse reactions
Cardiovascular system response
Hypotension: The most common and serious adverse reaction is a decrease in peripheral resistance caused by drug vasodilation of blood vessels. Clinical manifestations include pale mucous membranes, weak pulse, and decreased body temperature (which may trigger hypothermia). In dogs, hypotension may further lead to cardiovascular failure, especially in animals that are dehydrated or have insufficient blood volume, with a higher risk.
Heart rate changes: Some animals may experience slowed heart rate (bradycardia), but there are also reports of increased heart rate (possibly related to compensatory mechanisms or individual differences).
Respiratory system suppression
Decreased respiratory rate: Medications may inhibit the brainstem respiratory center, leading to shallower and slower breathing. In severe cases, respiratory pauses may occur and require emergency intervention.
Increased respiratory secretions: Weakened anticholinergic effects may lead to increased saliva and respiratory secretions, increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Central nervous system inhibition
Excessive sedation: manifested as drowsiness, slow response, and even coma. When the dosage is too high or the individual is sensitive, it may cause prolonged coma.
Neurological symptoms: A small number of animals may experience ataxia, tremors, or seizures, which may be related to the inhibition of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway by drugs.
Temperature regulation disorders
Low or high body temperature: Medications interfere with the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, causing fluctuations in body temperature. Hypothermia may cause metabolic acidosis and coagulation dysfunction, while hyperthermia (such as when the ambient temperature is too high) may exacerbate heat stress.
Local reactions
Pain at injection site: Muscle injection may cause temporary pain, and slow injection or deep muscle injection should be used to alleviate discomfort.
Urine discoloration: Drug metabolites may cause urine to turn pink to reddish brown, which is a harmless phenomenon but may cause panic among pet owners.
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