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Xanthan gum powder, a microbial polysaccharide produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates by the wild oilseed yellow bacterium, has reshaped the boundaries of modern food and industry with its extraordinary versatility. It presents a fine, dust-like, milky white to pale yellow flowing powder that may seem plain and unremarkable, but upon contact with water, it instantly exhibits magical properties - it does not truly dissolve, but instead, with its long-chain polymer structure, rapidly unfolds and hydrates in water, forming a three-dimensional network fluid with high viscosity and astonishing plasticity. This unique rheological property enables it to maintain a thick texture when at rest, and upon applying shear force (such as stirring, pouring), the viscosity drops instantly, recovering quickly after the operation is completed, perfectly balancing the suspension stability and processing fluidity of the system.
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Chemical Formula |
C8H14N2Cl2O2 |
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Exact Mass |
230 |
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Molecular Weight |
230 |
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m/z |
240 (100.0%), 242 (63.9%), 244 (10.2%); 241 |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 39.85; H, 5.85; N, 16.66; O, 13.27; Cl, 29.41 |
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As an efficient emulsifier, it can firmly lock the oil-water interface, preventing stratification; as a thickener, a very low addition amount (usually 0.1%-0.5%) can build a smooth and plump texture; and its outstanding resistance to acids, alkalis, salts, and high temperatures makes it stable as a mountain even under extreme processing conditions. From giving sauces a rich texture, preventing ice cream crystal growth, ensuring the long-term uniform suspension of juices, to constructing a similar gluten-like supporting network in gluten-free bread, and even as a thickening and suspending agent in oil drilling, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical fields, xanthan gum, with its irreplaceable texture magic, has quietly become the "invisible skeleton" that connects the dining table and industrial production, and is regarded as a tiny but great cornerstone in modern fluid engineering.
Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide polymer compound produced by microbial fermentation, which has unique rheological properties, good water solubility, stability to heat and acid and alkali, and good compatibility with various salts. As a thickener, suspension agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, it can be widely used in industries such as petroleum, medicine, daily chemical, food, tobacco, pesticides, textile printing and dyeing, ceramics, fire protection, mining, mineral processing, etc.
Application in the food industry
Xanthan gum is an important thickener and stabilizer in the food industry, which can be used to improve and stabilize the structure and texture of food. Its specific uses are as follows:
Dairy products: Xanthan gum can be used as a stabilizer in dairy products such as yogurt, milkshakes, flavored milk, condensed milk, etc. It can help prevent whey precipitation and improve the texture and taste of the product. At the same time, it can also increase the viscosity and stability of the product, making dairy products more delicate and uniform.
Beverages: Xanthan gum can be used as a thickener and suspension agent in liquid beverages such as fruit juice, tea drinks, and sports drinks. It can increase the viscosity and taste of beverages, making them more rich and smooth. At the same time, it can evenly suspend the fruit pulp particles or fibers in the juice, prevent sedimentation, and maintain the uniformity and stability of the beverage.
Baked goods: Xanthan gum can be used as an improver and moisturizer in baked goods such as bread, cakes, and cookies. It can improve the air holding and extensibility of dough, making baked goods softer and more elastic.
At the same time, it can also lock in moisture, extend the shelf life of baked goods, and maintain their soft texture.
Candy: Xanthan gum can be used as gel agent and stabilizer in candy manufacturing. It can increase the strength and elasticity of the candy gel, making the candy more elastic and chewy. At the same time, it can prevent candy from deforming or melting during storage, maintaining its shape and texture.
Seasoning: Xanthan gum powder can be used as a thickener and stabilizer in soy sauce, vinegar, sauces, and other seasonings. It can improve the consistency and stability of seasonings, making them more rich and uniform.
At the same time, it can prevent seasoning from layering or settling during storage, maintaining its quality and taste.
In addition, xanthan gum can also be used for frozen foods, meat products, canned foods, etc. In frozen foods, it can be used as an antifreeze agent to prevent ice crystal formation and maintain the texture and taste of the food. In meat products, it can improve the water holding capacity and stability of minced meat, making meat products more tender and juicy. In canned food, it can prevent food from spoiling or layering during processing and storage, maintaining its quality and taste.
Application in the petroleum industry
In the petroleum industry, xanthan gum is an important drilling fluid additive that can improve the stability and sand carrying capacity of drilling fluids. Its specific uses are as follows:
Improving the stability of drilling fluid: Xanthan gum has good salt resistance, calcium resistance, magnesium resistance and other properties, and can maintain stability in high salinity and high hardness drilling fluids. It can prevent drilling fluid from layering, settling, or deteriorating under high temperature and pressure conditions, and maintain its fluidity and suspension.
Improving the sand carrying capacity of drilling fluid: Xanthan gum has high viscosity and shear thinning properties, which can effectively carry and suspend solid particles such as drill cuttings and rock debris. It can prevent drilling cuttings from accumulating and blocking in the wellbore, improving drilling efficiency.
Reduce the filtration loss of drilling fluid: Xanthan gum can form a dense filter cake in the wellbore, reducing the filtration loss of drilling fluid. This can prevent excessive infiltration of drilling fluid into the formation, causing problems such as formation pollution and wellbore collapse.
In addition, xanthan gum can also be used in oilfield chemicals such as fracturing fluids, completion fluids, and workover fluids.
Application in the pharmaceutical industry
In the pharmaceutical industry, xanthan gum is an important pharmaceutical excipient that can be used to prepare various oral, topical, and injectable formulations. Its specific uses are as follows:
Oral preparations: Xanthan gum can be used as a filler, adhesive, and disintegrant in oral preparations such as tablets, capsules, and granules. It can increase the weight and volume of the formulation, improve its hardness and stability. At the same time, it can also promote the disintegration and dissolution of the formulation, improving the bioavailability of the drug.
External preparations: Xanthan gum can be used as a matrix and stabilizer in ointment, cream, gel and other external preparations. It can improve the viscosity and stability of the formulation, making it more uniform and delicate. At the same time, it can also promote the penetration and absorption of drugs, improving the therapeutic effect.
Injection preparations: Xanthan gum can be used as a thickener and stabilizer in injection preparations such as injections and infusions. It can improve the viscosity and stability of the formulation, preventing drug precipitation or stratification during storage and transportation.
At the same time, it can also reduce pain and irritation during injection, improving patient comfort.
In addition, xanthan gum can also be used to prepare ophthalmic and oral preparations. In ophthalmic preparations, it can be used as a thickener and lubricant to improve the comfort and therapeutic effect of the medication. In oral preparations, it can be used as a stabilizer and suspension agent to improve the stability and taste of the preparation.
Application in the daily chemical industry
In the daily chemical industry, xanthan gum is an important cosmetic additive that can be used to prepare various skincare, hairdressing, and cleaning products. Its specific uses are as follows:
Skin care products: xanthan gum can be used as thickener and stabilizer in skin care products such as face cream, lotion, essence, etc. It can improve the consistency and stability of the product, making it more uniform and delicate. At the same time, it can enhance the moisturizing and elasticity of the skin, improve the texture and appearance of the skin.
Hair care products: In hair care products such as shampoo, conditioner, and hair mask, xanthan gum can be used as a thickener and suspension agent. It can improve the consistency and stability of the product, and prevent solid particle precipitation. At the same time, it can enhance the softness and glossiness of hair, improve the texture and appearance of hair.
Cleaning products: Xanthan gum can be used as a thickener and stabilizer in cleaning products such as shower gel, hand sanitizer, and dishwashing detergent.
It can improve the consistency and stability of the product, making it easier to apply and rinse. At the same time, it can enhance the cleaning ability and stain removal effect of the product, and improve user satisfaction.
In addition, xanthan gum can also be used to prepare toothpaste, lipstick, eye shadow and other cosmetics and oral care products. It can improve the consistency and stability of these products, enhance their texture and appearance, and increase user comfort and satisfaction.
Application in Pesticide Industry
In the pesticide industry, xanthan gum is an important pesticide additive that can be used to prepare various wettable powders, suspensions, and water dispersible granules. Its specific uses are as follows:
Improving the stability of pesticides: Xanthan gum has good salt resistance, calcium resistance, magnesium resistance and other properties, and can maintain stability in high salinity and high hardness water quality. It can prevent pesticide formulations from layering, settling, or deteriorating during storage and transportation, maintaining their uniformity and stability.
Improve the suspension of pesticides: Xanthan gum powder has high viscosity and shear thinning properties, which can effectively carry and suspend pesticide particles. It can prevent pesticide particles from settling or aggregating during spraying, improving the dispersion and coverage of pesticides.
Improving the adhesion of pesticides: Xanthan gum can form a dense film on the surface of plants, enhancing the adhesion and persistence of pesticides. It can prevent pesticides from being washed away by rainwater or wind, improve the utilization efficiency and prevention effect of pesticides.
Application in textile printing and dyeing industry
In the textile printing and dyeing industry, xanthan gum is an important printing and dyeing auxiliary agent, which can be used to prepare various printing pastes, dyeing auxiliary agents, finishing agents and other printing and dyeing auxiliary agents. Its specific uses are as follows:
Improving the stability of printing paste: Xanthan gum can increase the viscosity and stability of printing paste, preventing delamination, precipitation, or deterioration during storage and transportation. This can ensure the uniformity and stability of the printing paste, and improve the quality and effect of printing.
Improving the dispersibility of dyeing auxiliaries: Xanthan gum can be used as a dispersant for dyeing auxiliaries to enhance the dispersibility and uniformity of dyes. This can prevent the aggregation or precipitation of dyes during the dyeing process, improving the quality and effectiveness of dyeing.
Improving the adhesion of finishing agents: Xanthan gum can form a dense film on the surface of fabrics, enhancing the adhesion and durability of finishing agents. This can prevent the finishing agent from being washed away or worn away by water, improving the finishing effect and durability of the fabric.
Application in Ceramic Industry
In the ceramic industry, xanthan gum is an important ceramic additive that can be used to prepare various ceramic glazes, ceramic slurries, ceramic blanks, and other ceramic materials. Its specific uses are as follows:
Improving the stability of ceramic glazes: Xanthan gum can increase the viscosity and stability of ceramic glazes, preventing delamination, precipitation, or deterioration during storage and transportation. This can ensure the uniformity and stability of the glaze, improve the quality and glossiness of the glaze surface.
Improving the fluidity of ceramic slurry: Xanthan gum can reduce the viscosity of ceramic slurry, enhance its fluidity and plasticity. This can facilitate the molding and processing of ceramic products, improving the quality and efficiency of the products.
Enhancing the strength of ceramic blanks: Xanthan gum powder can undergo chemical reactions with other components in the ceramic blanks, forming chemical bonds that enhance the strength and hardness of the blanks. This can improve the mechanical properties and durability of ceramic products.
Synthesis Method Of Xanthan Gum:
Adjust the medium containing 1%~5% glucose and inorganic salt to pH 6.0~7.0, add the inoculum of Xanthomonas campestris, culture for 50~100h, and obtain 4~12Pa? S high viscosity liquid. After sterilization, isopropanol or ethanol is added to precipitate, and then isopropanol or ethanol is refined, dried and crushed.
With glucose or starch as the carbon source, protein hydrolysate or inorganic ammonium as the nitrogen source, xanthan gum was isolated from the culture solution by the method of organic solvent extraction or high-value metal salt precipitation using Xanthomonas campestris, a strain of Xanthomonas campestris, of the genus Xanthobacterium.
The fermentation medium containing sugars (such as glucose, sucrose, starch, hydrolyzed starch, etc.) is fermented by Xanthomonas campestris strain in the presence of appropriate nitrogen source, potassium hydrogen phosphate and appropriate amount of trace elements, and then extracted, dried and crushed.
Xanthan gum powder is currently the most superior biological glue in the world, which integrates thickening, suspension, emulsification and stability. The number of pyruvate groups in the end of the molecular side chain of xanthan gum has a great influence on its properties. Xanthan gum has the general properties of long chain polymers, but it contains more functional groups than general polymers, and will show unique properties under specific conditions. Its conformation in aqueous solution is diverse, and it shows different characteristics under different conditions.
Xanthan gum has good suspension effect on insoluble solids and oil droplets. Xanthan gum sol molecules can form super binding ribbon helical copolymers, forming a fragile network structure similar to glue, so it can support the morphology of solid particles, droplets and bubbles, showing strong emulsification stability and high suspension capacity.
Xanthan gum can be quickly dissolved in water and has good water solubility. It can also be dissolved in cold water, which can save complicated processing process and is convenient to use. However, due to its strong hydrophilicity, if the water is directly added and the mixing is not sufficient, the outer layer will absorb water and expand into a micelle, which will prevent the water from entering the inner layer, thus affecting the function. Therefore, attention must be paid to the correct use. The xanthan gum dry powder or dry powder auxiliary materials such as salt and sugar are mixed well and then slowly added to the stirring water for feeding to make a solution for use.
Xanthan gum solution has the characteristics of low concentration and high viscosity (the viscosity of 1% aqueous solution is 100 times that of gelatin), and is a highly effective thickener.
Xanthan gum aqueous solution has high viscosity under static or low shear action, and shows a sharp decline in viscosity under high shear action, but the molecular structure remains unchanged. When the shear force is eliminated, the original viscosity will be restored immediately. The relationship between shear force and viscosity is completely plastic. Xanthan gum has outstanding pseudoplasticity, which is very effective for stabilizing suspensions and emulsions.
The viscosity of xanthan gum solution will not change greatly with the change of temperature. Generally, the viscosity of polysaccharides will change due to heating, but the viscosity of xanthan gum aqueous solution almost does not change between 10-80 ℃. Even the low concentration aqueous solution still shows a stable high viscosity in a wide temperature range. The 1% xanthan gum solution (containing 1% potassium chloride) was heated from 25 ℃ to 120 ℃, and its viscosity only decreased by 3%.
FAQ
Is xanthan gum healthy or unhealthy?
Xanthan gum is used in very small amounts in food, and is safe to consume. But it can cause gas and bloating, so some people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) avoid it. Usually, xanthan gum is made from corn. So people with a corn allergy should avoid xanthan gum.
What is xanthan gum used for?
Xanthan gum is a common food additive made from sugar fermented by bacteria. It acts as a binder, thickener, and stabilizer to improve texture and keep ingredients from separating. As an emulsifier, it helps things such as oil and water mix.
Is xanthan gum safe on skin?
FDA-approved and non-comedogenic, xanthan gum is safe for sensitive skin and rarely causes allergic reactions when used topically. Found in cleansers, serums, moisturizers, and masks, it offers a clean beauty alternative to synthetic thickeners like carbomer.
Is xanthan gum 100% natural?
It is no less natural than vinegar or yeast. We think xanthan gum is one of the best discoveries in food science since yeast. It is used as a thickener or stabilizer in a wide variety of foods found on grocery store shelves.
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