Dextran powder, with the molecular formula [C6H10O5] n and CAS 9004-54-0, refers to a homopolysaccharide composed of glucose as a monosaccharide, with glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds. According to the type of glycosidic bond, it can be further divided into alpha glucan and beta glucan. Dextran, also known as dextran, is a polysaccharide that has been extensively researched and used. Glucan exists in the mucus secreted by certain microorganisms during their growth process. With different microbial species and growth conditions, the structure of pectin also varies. Glucan can replace a portion of whole blood during blood transfusion as an expansion agent for plasma volume (known as plasma replacement). Commercial plasma substitutes are partially hydrolyzed glucans dissolved in physiological saline. In terms of anti-aging of the skin, it can simultaneously promote fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, free radical scavenging ability, resist UV damage, promote immune protection, and moisturize the skin.
Dextran is one of the bacterial polysaccharides, also known as dextran, which is produced by the glucanase of bacteria cultured in sucrose solution [Leuconostoc mesentero des, L. dextran] catalyzing the following reaction: n sucrose → glucose+n fructose. In the industrial subspecies of Gluconobacter ox ydans subsp. industrialistus (previously known as Acetobacter viscosity and A. capsule), glucan is synthesized from dextrin. There are many types of glucans, consisting only of D-glucose, with the main chain consisting of alpha (1,6) bonds, as well as branched chains of alpha (1,4) or alpha (1,3) bonds. Glucose is a white powder, and adding a little bit to water can produce strong right-handed properties. Used as a substitute for plasma in medicine.
Dextran powder is a general term for polysaccharides composed of glucose. Due to the different binding patterns between D-glucose residues, they are classified into various types and widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Representative examples include bacterial polysaccharides (derived from the side chains of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 bonds on the main chain), brown algae polysaccharides (mainly composed of beta-1,3 bonds), lichens polysaccharides (beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 bonds), cellulose from higher plants (bound to beta-1,4 bonds), amylose (alpha-1,4 bonds), amylopectin (derived from the side chains of alpha-1,6 bonds on the main chain of alpha-1,4 bonds), and animal glycogen.
The active structure of β - glucan is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units, most of which bind through β -1,3, which is the way glucose chains connect. It can activate macrophages, neutrophils, etc., thus increasing the levels of white blood cells, cytokinins, and special antibodies, comprehensively stimulating the body's immune system. So, the body is more prepared to resist diseases caused by microorganisms. β - glucan can rapidly restore the ability of lymphocytes in injured bodies to produce cytokines (IL-1), effectively regulating the body's immune function.
Numerous experiments have shown that β - glucan can promote the production of IgM antibodies in the body, thereby enhancing the immune function of body fluids. This glucan activated cell can stimulate host non-specific defense mechanisms, so its application in tumors, infectious diseases, and the treatment of trauma is highly anticipated. β -1,3-glucan extracted through special steps and free of endotoxins has been recognized by the US FDA as a safe substance that can be added to general food.
Many reports have shown that oral administration of yeast β -1,3-glucan to mice can increase the phagocytic effect of strong peritoneal cell antibacterial activity. In addition, pectin also has the functions of clearing free radicals, anti radiation, dissolving cholesterol, preventing hyperlipidemia, and resisting infections caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria, etc. Therefore, it is widely used in industries such as medicine, food, cosmetics, etc. Currently, yeast glucan has achieved industrialization,
The gel made of dextran is often used for biochemical separation, such as column chromatography.
Fermentation with sucrose yields a chemically modified Dextran powder, marketed as cross-linked glucan. This type of pectin has a cross-linked network structure in its molecules, which can be used as a molecular sieve to separate low molecular weight compounds from high molecular weight compounds.
Production method
Use dextran to separate the solution and recover raw materials with a relative molecular weight of 5000-7500.
Add about 300ml of water to the container, heat and boil, add 100g of dextran, stir until completely dissolved, and add water to prepare 100g/L. Add 30g/L (3%) activated carbon according to the mass ratio of dextran, stir, boil for 15-30 minutes, filter with a No. 3 vertical funnel to obtain a clear filtrate, and cool to room temperature. Take the filtrate into a suitable container, add 200ml of 650g/L (65%) ferric chloride solution with stirring, stir evenly, and obtain a mixed solution.
Dextrose [distilled water, activated carbon] → [boiling] filtrate [FeCl3] → mixed solution
In a 100mm × 100mm glass ion exchange column, 701 styrene type weakly basic anion exchange resin is loaded, and 100 g/L (10%) NaOH is used as a regenerant to convert the resin into anionic OH type. The effluent has a pH of 7-8, no chloride, and a specific resistance of over 50k Ω/cm for catalytic reaction applications.
Place the water level in the regenerated resin column at the resin interface, pour in the mixture, and perform dynamic catalytic reaction. The flow rate should be controlled at 15ml/min. When the deep red iron dextran flows out, immediately take samples to check the pH value, chloride, and specific resistance. The pH should be above 8, the chloride should be negative, and the specific resistance should be above 2k Ω/cm. After passing the inspection, collect the samples. When the mixed solution reaches the resin interface, start washing with water, and control the inlet speed to be the same as the outlet speed. Generally, 2-3L of effluent can be collected.
Mixed solution [701 resin column] → effluent (iron dextran)
Take the above effluent and concentrate dextran powder under reduced pressure at a temperature between 45-65 ℃. Stop distillation at 1L, take a sample to measure the iron content, and adjust the iron content as appropriate to 2.5%.
Outflow [40-65 ℃, reduced pressure] → concentrated solution
Filter the prepared solution through a No. 3 or No. 4 vertical melting glass funnel, follow the sterilization process, package, seal, sterilize at 112 ℃ for 30 minutes, and obtain the finished product of dextran iron injection.
Concentrated solution [112 ℃, 30min] → Finished product of dextran iron injection.
β - glucan has the most physiological activity. In the 1940s, Dr. Pillemer first discovered and reported a substance in the yeast cell wall that had the ability to enhance immunity. Afterwards, further research by Dr. Diluzio from the University of Toulon revealed that the immune enhancing substance in yeast cell walls is a polysaccharide - β - glucan, which was isolated from bread yeast.
The active structure of β - glucan is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units, most of which bind through β -1,3, which is the glucose chain connection. It can activate macrophages and neutrophils, thus increasing the levels of white blood cells, cytokinins, and special antibodies, and comprehensively stimulating the body's immune system. So, the body is more prepared to resist diseases caused by microorganisms. β - glucan can rapidly restore the ability of injured body lymphocytes to produce cytokines (IL-1), effectively regulating the body's immune function.
Numerous experiments have shown that β - glucan can promote the production of IgM antibodies in the body to enhance humoral immunity. This type of glucan activates cells and triggers host non-specific defense mechanisms, making it highly sought after in the treatment of tumors, infectious diseases, and trauma. β -1,3 glucan, extracted through special steps and free of endotoxins, has been recognized as a safe substance by the US FDA and can be added to general food. Many reports have shown that oral administration of yeast β -1,3 glucan to mice can increase strong peritoneal cell antibacterial phagocytic activity.
Yeast β - glucan is a polysaccharide that exists in the yeast cell wall and has immune enhancing activity. β - glucan is widely present in various fungi and plants, such as shiitake mushrooms, lingzhi mushrooms, and oats, and is the main functional substance for their health benefits. Yeast glucan has stronger immune enhancing activity and has the effects of improving blood lipids, anti radiation, and improving intestinal function.
As is well known, bread yeast is a single-cell microorganism that contains about 50% protein, high amino acid content, rich in B vitamins, as well as a rich enzyme system and various economically valuable physiological active substances.
Thousands of years ago, human beings fermented bread and alcohol with baker's yeast. In the modern food industry, it is widely used as an excellent starter and nutrient for human staple foods such as bread, Mantou, steamed stuffed buns, biscuits and cakes. With the development of biotechnology, scientists have extracted a substance called "Beta glucan" from the cell wall of bread yeast, which has good functions and can now be widely used in the food industry. It is reported that it mainly has the following significant effects:
Improve the body's ability to resist infections such as viruses and bacteria.
Effectively adjust the microbiota of the digestive tract in the body, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and the excretion of harmful substances in the intestine.
It can reduce cholesterol levels in the body, lower low-density lipoprotein levels, and increase high-density lipoprotein levels.
Effectively improve the perception of terminal tissue on insulin, reduce the requirement for insulin, promote the recovery of glucose, and have obvious inhibitory and preventive effects on diabetes.
Stimulate skin cell activity, enhance the skin's own immune protection function, efficiently repair the skin, reduce skin wrinkles, and delay skin aging.
Enhance animals' resistance to pathogens, promote their growth, improve their production performance and feed utilization efficiency.
According to research, yeast glucan mainly exists in the yeast cell wall, with a main chain composed of β (1 → 3) dextran powder and a side chain composed of β (1 → 6) glucan. This structure is different from the linear molecular structure of general sugars, but a unique triple ultrafine spiral structure. Its unique ultrafine spiral molecular structure is the most immunologically active and easily absorbed form by the human body.
faq
Is dextran a glucose?
Dextran is defined as a branched homopolysaccharide of glucose that is naturally synthesized from sucrose by some bacteria. It is widely used in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility in molecular weight and functionalization.
Is dextran an IV fluid?
LMD (dextran 40) is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation of low molecular weight dextran (average mol. wt. 40,000) in 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. It is administered by intravenous infusion.
Dextran in ophthalmic solutions
The dextrans used in eye drops are typically high molecular weight carbohydrates, which form a protective film over the surface of the eye, known as the tear film, that helps to retain moisture and prevent excessive evaporation.
What is dextran injection used for?
Description. Iron dextran is an iron replacement product that is used to treat iron deficiency, such as anemia (not enough iron in the blood) or blood loss in patients with certain conditions (eg, hemophilia, gastrointestinal bleeding). Iron is a mineral that the body needs to produce red blood cells.
What is dextran used for?
Dextran is a medication used in managing and treating various clinical conditions, including during hemorrhage, shock, surgical procedures, radiological imaging, antithrombotic administration, and ophthalmic relief of xerophthalmia.
Does dextran increase blood sugar?
CONCLUSION. We thus conclude that, under stressful conditions, Ringer's lactate and Hydroxyethyl starch 6%-450 significantly raise the blood sugar level, albeit within physiological limits, whereas, Dextran-40 raises the blood sugar to a level which is well above the physiological limit.
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