Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX), also known as potassium pentyl xanthate, is an organic compound. It is a light yellow powder that usually exists in crystalline form. The molecular structure includes a pentyl group (C5H11) and a xanthate group (OOCCH2SCH2COO -). The molecular formula is C6H13KOS2, CAS 2720-73-2. Soluble in water, but with lower solubility in other organic solvents, it may have a specific odor. The most commonly used name is Z6 potassium pentyl xanthate 2040. It is a powerful collector mainly used for the flotation of non-ferrous metal minerals that require strong but non selective flotation. For example, it is a good collector for the flotation of oxidized sulfide ore, oxidized copper ore, and oxidized lead ore (sulfided with sodium sulfide or sodium hydrogen sulfide). This product also has good separation effects on the flotation of copper nickel sulfide ore and gold containing pyrite. Store in a closed, cool, and dry environment. Good stability, used and stored according to regulations without decomposition.

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Chemical Formula |
C6H11KOS2 |
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Exact Mass |
202 |
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Molecular Weight |
202 |
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m/z |
202 (100.0%), 204 (9.0%), 204 (7.2%), 203 (6.5%), 203 (1.6%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 35.61; H, 5.48; K, 19.32; O, 7.91; S, 31.68 |
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Storage conditions Inert atmosphere, Room temperature , Water solubility is very faint turbidity , Hazard Signs ( GHS ) , GHS07 , Warning , Hazard description H302 + H312 + H332-H315-H319 , Prevention instructions P261 - P264 - P270 - P271 - P280 - P301 + P312 + P330 - P302 + P352 + P312 + P362 + P364 - P304 + P340 + P312 - P305 + P351 + P338 + P337 + P313 - P501 , Dangerous Goods Transport No. 3342 , RTECS FG1581900 , HazardClass 4.2 , Packing Group II , Toxic LD50 intravenous in mouse : 99 mg / kg.

Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) is a commonly used flotation agent for pyrite, widely used in mineral extraction processes.
Dissolve an appropriate amount of ethanol (ethanol can be anhydrous ethanol or ethanol solution) in deionized water, heat and stir until dissolved.
C2H5OH + Na → C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
Dissolve an appropriate amount of pentanol in deionized water, heat and stir until dissolved.
C5H11OH + Li → C5H11OLi+ H2 ↑
Add an appropriate amount of carbon disulfide (CS2) to the pentyl lithium solution prepared in step 2, stir to mix evenly. Then slowly add the ethanol sodium solution prepared in step 1 while continuing to stir.
C5H11OLi + CS2 → C5H11OCS2Li
C2H5ONa + C5H11OCS2Li → C5H11OCSSNa+LiOH
Filter or centrifuge the reaction products from step 3 to obtain a mixture. Subsequently, add an appropriate amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to the mixture and stir to dissolve it.
C5H11OCSSNa + KOH → C5H11OCSSK + NaOH
Cool the solution obtained in step 4 to room temperature, and the crystals will gradually precipitate. Then, the crystals are separated by filtration or centrifugation, and washed with cold ethanol to remove impurities. Finally, dry the crystal at low temperature to obtain pure Potassium Amyl Xanthate.


Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) is a commonly used mineral flotation agent with various applications in geological exploration.
1. Geochemical exploration
Geochemical exploration is a geochemical method of identifying and identifying mineral deposits by analyzing trace elements or compounds in soil, rock, and water samples. The core of this method lies in utilizing geochemical principles and chemical analysis techniques to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the elements and compounds in the sample, in order to reveal the existence and type of mineral deposits.
The selection and use of reagents are crucial in geochemical exploration. PAX, as a commonly used reagent, has broad application value. It can be used as one of the reagents for geochemical exploration, for collecting samples and analyzing mineral resources within them. PAX can react with certain metal elements to form stable complexes, thereby improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the determination. This characteristic makes PAX have important application value in geochemical exploration.
Specifically, the application of PAX in geochemical exploration mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) Sample collection: PAX can be used to collect soil, rock, and water samples, which react with elements in the samples to form stable complexes and enrich the target elements on specific adsorbents.
(2) Separation and enrichment: During the sample collection process, PAX can act as an adsorbent to adsorb the target element on its surface, thereby achieving separation and enrichment from interfering elements. By doing so, the detection limit and accuracy of the target element can be significantly improved.
(3) Analysis and testing: After enrichment and separation, the target element can be determined using various analysis and testing methods. PAX, as a good chelating agent, can form stable complexes with certain metal elements, thereby improving the sensitivity and accuracy of the determination method. Common analysis and testing methods include atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, etc.

(4) Result interpretation and ore deposit prediction: By conducting detailed analysis and testing on the collected samples, combined with geological background information and geochemical principles, the existence and type of ore deposits can be inferred and predicted. By analyzing and comparing samples from different regions and layers, we can further reveal the distribution patterns and ore-forming potential of mineral deposits.
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2. Pre processing of geological samples
The extraction and analysis of organic matter is a crucial step in the pre-treatment process of geological samples. Organic matter is an important information carrier for geological structures and the genesis of mineral deposits. By analyzing it, geological history, mineralization processes, and the formation and distribution patterns of mineral resources can be revealed. Therefore, the extraction of organic matter is a key task in the pre-treatment process of geological samples.
PAX, as an effective extractant, has significant advantages in extracting organic compounds from ores. It can interact with organic matter in the ore, separate it from the mineral matrix, and provide a pure sample for subsequent analysis. When using PAX for organic matter extraction, it is usually necessary to combine appropriate crushing and dissolution methods to break down the physical barrier of the ore, fully expose organic matter, and effectively combine with PAX.
The principle of PAX extraction of organic matter is mainly based on its affinity and selectivity with organic matter. It can selectively bind with the target organic compound to form stable complexes or complexes, thereby achieving the separation of organic matter and mineral matrix. This process helps to reduce the influence of impurities and interfering ions, and improve the accuracy and reliability of subsequent analysis.
By using PAX as an extractant, organic matter can be effectively extracted from ores, providing geologists and deposit researchers with more detailed and reliable information. These pieces of information contribute to a deeper understanding of geological structures, deposit genesis, and the formation and distribution patterns of mineral resources, providing scientific basis for the exploration and development of mineral resources. At the same time, the application of PAX also helps to improve the efficiency and accuracy of geological sample pre-processing, providing a reliable foundation for subsequent geological research and mineral resource assessment.
3. Identification of sulfide minerals
Sulfide minerals are a common type of ore, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc. PAX can form complexes with the surface of sulfide minerals, making their surface hydrophilic, thereby aiding in mineral recognition and separation during flotation processes.
4. Calibration of geochemical exploration instruments
Geochemical exploration instruments need to be calibrated to ensure accuracy and reliability. PAX can be used as one of the reference materials to calibrate the measurement results of geochemical instruments.
5. Research on deposit types
The study of deposit types is an important aspect of geological exploration. By analyzing the mineral composition and characteristics in mineral deposits, different types of deposits can be identified. PAX can be used as a flotation reagent in geological samples to aid in the study of mineral deposit types.
6. Metal element analysis
Analysis of metal elements in ores and geological samples is essential in geochemical exploration. Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX) can form complexes with certain metals, improving its sensitivity and accuracy in the analysis process. By analyzing the content and distribution of metal elements, the formation mechanism and potential value of mineral deposits can be determined.
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