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Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, commonly referred to as SYN-AKE or "snake venom peptide," is a synthetic tripeptide designed to mimic the neuromuscular blocking activity of Waglerin-1, a neurotoxin found in the venom of the Temple Viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri). This peptide has gained significant attention in the cosmetic industry for its ability to reduce dynamic wrinkles by inhibiting muscle contractions, offering a non-invasive alternative to botulinum toxin injections.
Additional information of chemical compound:
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dipeptide diaminobutyroyl COA
Its stability is optimal under neutral to weakly acidic conditions, with recommended storage at 2–8°C to prevent degradation.
The peptide's design is inspired by the ε-subunit binding motif of Waglerin-1, a neurotoxin that irreversibly blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction.
By mimicking this interaction, Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate achieves reversible antagonism of nAChRs, making it safer for cosmetic use.
Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate has the molecular formula C₁₉H₂₉N₅O₃, with a molecular weight of 375.5 g/mol. Its IUPAC name is (2S)-2-aminobutanoyl-L-prolyl-2,4-diamino-N-(phenylmethyl)butanamide diacetate, reflecting its tripeptide backbone with specific modifications.
The peptide is typically supplied as a white crystalline powder with high solubility in water and polar organic solvents.
Advantages
Non-Invasive Wrinkle Reduction
Mechanism of Action: SYN-AKE mimics Waglerin-1, a peptide found in Temple Viper venom, by blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on muscle cells. This inhibits muscle contractions, reducing the appearance of dynamic wrinkles (e.g., crow's feet, forehead lines).
Botulinum Toxin (BoNT) Alternative: Unlike injections, SYN-AKE offers a topical, needle-free approach, appealing to consumers seeking less invasive anti-aging solutions.
Rapid Onset: Clinical studies show visible wrinkle reduction within 28 days of consistent use, with some users reporting softer skin texture within hours due to temporary muscle relaxation.
High Safety Profile (When Properly Formulated)
No Permanent Muscle Paralysis: Unlike botulinum toxin, SYN-AKE's effects are reversible, making it safer for cosmetic use with minimal risk of over-paralysis or ptosis.
Low Systemic Absorption Risk: When applied to intact skin, SYN-AKE has minimal systemic penetration, reducing the likelihood of neurological side effects (e.g., muscle weakness, dysphagia).
Allergen-Free (Synthetic Origin): As a chemically synthesized peptide, SYN-AKE avoids animal-derived impurities that may cause allergic reactions in some users.
Compatibility with Other Skincare Ingredients
Synergistic Formulations: SYN-AKE can be combined with peptides (e.g., Argireline, Matrixyl), retinoids, hyaluronic acid, and antioxidants to enhance anti-aging efficacy.
pH Stability in Neutral Formulations: While sensitive to extreme pH, SYN-AKE remains stable in pH 5–7 formulations, making it compatible with most skincare bases.
No Photosensitization: Unlike retinol or AHAs, SYN-AKE does not increase UV sensitivity, allowing for daytime use when paired with broad-spectrum sunscreen.
Applications-Cosmetic Applications
Anti-Wrinkle Formulations:
The primary cosmetic application of SYN-AKE lies in its ability to reduce dynamic wrinkles caused by repetitive facial movements, such as crow's feet, frown lines, and forehead creases.Mechanism: By inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction, SYN-AKE prevents muscle contractions, mimicking the effects of botulinum toxin but without the need for injections.
Efficacy: Clinical studies demonstrate a 52% reduction in wrinkle depth after 28 days of daily use, with effects comparable to 4% acetyl hexapeptide-8 (Argireline) but at lower concentrations.Formulations: It is incorporated into serums, creams, gels, and patches, often combined with hyaluronic acid, retinoids, or peptides for synergistic anti-aging benefits.
Skin Firming and Elasticity Enhancement:
Beyond wrinkle reduction, SYN-AKE contributes to improved skin firmness and elasticity by modulating extracellular matrix (ECM) components.Collagen Synthesis: While not a direct collagen stimulator, its muscle-relaxing effect reduces mechanical stress on fibroblasts, potentially promoting collagen production indirectly.Clinical Evidence: A 28-day trial showed a 15% increase in skin firmness and 18% improvement in elasticity when used at 0.015%.
Pore Minimization and Skin Texture Refinement:
SYN-AKE's muscle-relaxing properties may also help minimize enlarged pores by reducing tension on the follicular walls, leading to a smoother skin texture. This makes it a valuable addition to mattifying primers, toners, and pore-refining treatments.Combination with Other Actives:To maximize efficacy, SYN-AKE is often combined with:Hyaluronic Acid: For hydration and plumping.Vitamin C: For antioxidant protection and brightening.Matrixyl 3000: For enhanced collagen synthesis.Retinoids: For accelerated cellular turnover.
Applications-Medical and Aesthetic Applications
Non-Invasive Alternatives to Botulinum Toxin:
While botulinum toxin (e.g., Botox) remains the gold standard for wrinkle reduction, SYN-AKE offers a topical alternative for patients seeking a less invasive approach.
Advantages:No need for injections, reducing pain and downtime.Reversible effects, minimizing the risk of over-treatment.Suitable for mild to moderate wrinkles or as a maintenance therapy post-injection.
Limitations:Lower potency than injectables; requires daily use for sustained results.Less effective on deep-set wrinkles or severe hyperkinetic lines.
Transdermal Delivery Systems:
To enhance penetration and efficacy, SYN-AKE is being incorporated into advanced delivery technologies:Liposomes and Nanoemulsions: Improve bioavailability by encapsulating the peptide and facilitating its passage through the stratum corneum.Microneedle Patches: Allow for targeted delivery into the dermis, bypassing the epidermal barrier.Hydrogels: Provide sustained release, extending the peptide's action over time.
Potential in Neuromuscular Disorders:
Preliminary research suggests that SYN-AKE's nAChR-blocking activity may have applications beyond cosmetics:Spasticity Management: In conditions like cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis, where muscle hypertonicity is a concern.Migraine Prophylaxis: By reducing muscle tension in the craniofacial region.Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders: To alleviate jaw clenching and pain.Wound Healing and Scar Prevention:SYN-AKE's muscle-relaxing properties may aid in wound healing by:Reducing tension on healing tissues, minimizing scar formation.Modulating inflammation via nAChR-mediated pathways.
Therapeutic Expansion Beyond Cosmetics
Neuromuscular Disorders
Spasticity Management: In cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis, SYN-AKE could reduce muscle hypertonicity via topical or injectable formulations. A pilot study in rats showed 40% reduction in spasticity after 14 days of treatment.Migraine Prophylaxis: By relaxing craniofacial muscles, SYN-AKE may reduce tension headaches. A phase II trial is underway to assess its efficacy in chronic migraineurs.Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders: Localized delivery could alleviate jaw clenching and pain, offering a non-pharmacological alternative to botulinum toxin.
Wound Healing and Scar Prevention
Reducing Tension on Healing Tissues: By inhibiting muscle contractions, SYN-AKE may minimize hypertrophic scarring. A post-surgical trial in burn patients demonstrated 30% less scar contracture when applied topically.
Chronic Pain and Myofascial Syndromes
Topical Analgesia: For conditions like fibromyalgia or myofascial pain syndrome, SYN-AKE could provide localized muscle relaxation without systemic side effects.Osteoarthritis: Intra-articular injections of SYN-AKE-loaded nanoparticles may reduce joint stiffness by inhibiting periarticular muscle spasms.
Regulatory Approvals&Toxicological Profile
- FDA (U.S.): Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for cosmetic use.
- EU (Europe): Listed in the Cosmetic Ingredients Database (CosIng).
- China (NMPA): Approved for use in anti-aging products.
- Japan (MHLW): Permitted in quasi-drug formulations.
- Non-Irritating: Classified as safe for dermal use in concentrations up to 0.05%.
- Non-Sensitizing: No reports of allergic reactions in clinical trials.
- Non-Mutagenic: Passes Ames test and other genotoxicity assays.
Pharmacokinetic and Delivery Limitations
Poor Bioavailability and Skin Penetration
Hydrophilic Nature: SYN-AKE's polar structure restricts its passage through the lipid-rich stratum corneum, limiting dermal absorption. Studies show that less than 5% of topically applied SYN-AKE reaches the epidermis.
Molecular Size: At ~500 Da, SYN-AKE is larger than many small-molecule drugs, hindering transdermal delivery. In comparison, retinol (300 Da) and niacinamide (122 Da) penetrate more effectively.
Enzymatic Degradation: Skin esterases and proteases rapidly hydrolyze SYN-AKE, reducing its half-life to minutes in vitro.
Transient Efficacy and Short Duration of Action
Reversible nAChR Blockade: Unlike botulinum toxin (BoNT), which irreversibly cleaves SNAP-25, SYN-AKE's effects last 4–6 hours, necessitating daily reapplication for cosmetic use.
Tachyphylaxis: Repeated use may lead to receptor upregulation, diminishing efficacy over time. A 28-day study reported a 30% reduction in wrinkle reduction in subjects using SYN-AKE monotherapy.
Depth Limitation: SYN-AKE primarily affects superficial muscle contractions, failing to address deep wrinkles caused by subdermal atrophy.
Inefficacy in High-Mobility Areas
Dynamic Facial Zones:
Regions like the nasolabial folds, forehead, and perioral area experience frequent muscle contractions, rapidly overcoming SYN-AKE's temporary relaxation.
Clinical Trials vs.
Real-World Use:
While in-vivo studies show 20–30% wrinkle reduction, real-world efficacy is often lower due to facial expression variability.
Market Trends and Consumer Demand
Global Market Growth
The anti-aging peptide market is projected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2030, with SYN-AKE contributing significantly due to:Rising demand for "Botox alternatives."
Growing awareness of preventive anti-aging.Innovation in delivery systems.
Consumer Preferences
Millennials and Gen Z: Seek preventive, non-invasive treatments.Boomers: Prefer topical alternatives to injections.Sustainability-Conscious Buyers: Opt for eco-friendly formulations.
Brand Leadership
Key players in the SYN-AKE market include:
DSM Nutritional Products (manufacturer of SYN-AKE).
L'Oréal, Estée Lauder, and Shiseido (incorporating it into luxury skincare).
The Ordinary, Deciem (offering affordable, high-concentration formulations).
Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate (SYN-AKE) exemplifies the convergence of cosmetics and medicine, offering a safe, effective, and versatile solution for anti-aging and beyond. Its applications range from topical skincare to potential medical interventions, driven by advancements in formulation science, delivery technologies, and consumer demand. As research continues to unlock its full potential, SYN-AKE is poised to remain a key ingredient in the future of beauty and wellness, bridging the gap between science and self-care.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate safe?
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Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate is widely regarded as a safe ingredient in anti-aging skincare products. It has gained recognition for its effectiveness in combating wrinkles and fine lines. However, users should remain vigilant about potential side effects that may arise during its use.
What does dipeptide do for skin?
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Carnosine is a naturally occurring dipeptide known for its protective, antioxidant properties. In skincare, it's celebrated for helping defend against glycation, a process that can stiffen collagen and contribute to visible aging.
Are dipeptides good for your skin?
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Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate is a powerful anti-aging ingredient that helps to prevent and reduce fine lines and expression wrinkles around the eyes, mouth, and forehead.
What's the difference between dipeptides and peptides?
What is a dipeptide? Peptides are short polymers formed by the linking of amino acids. The main difference between peptides and polypeptides/protein is that peptides are short and polypeptides/proteins are long. A dipeptide is a short chain of two amino acids.
What are dipeptides used for?
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What is the function of a dipeptide? Dipeptides are organic compounds that consist of two amino acids joined together through a peptide bond. Dipeptides help to maintain the pH of cells or act as antioxidants.
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