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N-propanol, also known as 1-propanol, is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2OH, molecular formula C3H8O, and molecular weight of 60.10. Under normal temperature and pressure, n-propanol is a transparent and colorless liquid with a strong moldy odor similar to external alcohol. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. Generally, acetaldehyde is synthesized by carbonylation of ethylene and then reduced to obtain it. N-propanol can replace ethanol with lower boiling point as a solvent and can also be used for chromatographic analysis. Used for organic synthesis, n-propanol can be used for the synthesis of nitro spray paint, cosmetics, dental detergents, insecticides, fungicides, inks, plastics, antifreeze, as well as intermediates, such as the synthesis of propyl acetate, which can be used as a coating solvent, printing ink, etc. It can also be used as a food additive, plasticizer, flavoring agent (ingredients used to prepare flavoring agents must not exceed the maximum allowable usage and maximum allowable residue in GB 2760), and many other aspects.
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Chemical Formula |
C3H8O |
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Exact Mass |
60 |
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Molecular Weight |
60 |
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m/z |
60 (100.0%), 61 (3.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 59.96; H, 13.42; O, 26.62 |
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As a colorless and transparent liquid with an alcoholic aroma, 1-propanol (chemical formula: C ∝ H ₇ OH, molecular weight: 60.10) has demonstrated irreplaceable value in various fields such as chemical engineering, medicine, agriculture, daily chemical products, and new energy due to its excellent solubility and chemical stability.
1. Coatings and Ink Industry: Core Solvent under Environmental Protection Upgrade
N-propanol is an important solvent in the coatings and ink industry, with a boiling point (97.2 ℃) between ethanol (78.4 ℃) and isopropanol (82.5 ℃). It can meet the requirements of high-temperature curing and reduce volatilization losses. According to data from the China Chemical Industry Federation, the demand for n-propanol in China's coatings industry will reach 800000 tons in 2023, accounting for 53% of the total consumption, mainly used for high-end automotive coatings, architectural coatings, and industrial anti-corrosion coatings.
Typical application cases:
Automotive Coatings: The rapid growth of new energy vehicle production (up 25% year-on-year in 2024) has driven the demand for n-propanol for battery casings and body coatings. Its low toxicity and high solubility characteristics comply with environmental regulations.
Printing ink: n-propyl acetate (synthesized from n-propanol) has replaced traditional solvents such as toluene and butanone, accounting for over 75% of gravure printing ink. It is used in high safety standard fields such as tobacco packaging and food packaging.
3. Electronics and new energy sector: growth poles of emerging markets
With the rise of the electronic chemicals and lithium battery industries, the demand structure for n-propanol has undergone significant changes:
Lithium battery electrolyte: n-propanol as an additive can improve the conductivity of the electrolyte. Companies such as CATL have incorporated it into their formulations, accounting for 10% -30%. It is expected that by 2030, the demand in the new energy sector will account for 35% of the n-propanol market.
Electronic cleaning agent: used for precision cleaning in the manufacturing process of semiconductors and display screens, replacing traditional chlorofluorocarbon solvents and in line with environmental trends.
2. Daily chemical and cleaning industry: balance of mildness and efficacy
N-propanol is used as a solvent or thickener in cosmetics, detergents, and other fields. Its mildness is superior to ethanol and it can enhance product stability. For example:
Cosmetics: As a solvent for essence and sunscreen, it can avoid the irritation of ethanol and is widely used in lotion and cream formulations.
Cleaning agent: In combination with surfactants, it enhances the ability to remove dirt while reducing irritation to the skin.
In the pharmaceutical industry, it is mainly used for synthesizing antibiotics, antiepileptic drugs, cardiovascular drugs, etc. Its derivative n-propylamine is an intermediate for various pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
1. Antibiotic synthesis: the core raw material of erythromycin
The formation of erythromycin side chains through esterification reaction is a key step in erythromycin production. The global market size of erythromycin exceeds 5 billion US dollars, and China, as the main producer, consumes about 20000 tons of n-propanol annually.
2. Antiepileptic and neurological drugs
Sodium valproate: used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, n-propanol is a reducing agent in its synthetic pathway.
Dengjian'an: It is prepared by reacting n-propanol with phenobarbital and has anticonvulsant effects.
3. Cardiovascular and metabolic disease drugs
Probenecid: Used for the treatment of gout, it reduces blood uric acid levels by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption.
2,5-pyridinedicarboxylate dipropyl ester: As an intermediate of lipid-lowering drugs, it improves lipid metabolism.
4. Pharmaceutical packaging and excipients
Esters synthesized from n-propanol (such as propyl paraben) are used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals to extend their shelf life; Its derivatives can also be used to prepare packaging materials such as medicinal capsules and infusion bags.
Di-n-propylamine, a derivative of n-propanol, is a key intermediate for various herbicides and insecticides, accounting for approximately 10% of the global pesticide market demand for n-propanol.
1. Synthesis of herbicides
Aminosulfonylurea: Used for weed control in corn and soybean fields, it is prepared by reacting di-n-propylamine with sulfonylurea compounds.
Isopropylene: a selective herbicide widely used in cotton and peanut cultivation.
2. Insecticides and fungicides
Fungicide control: prevent and control soil pests, protect crop roots.
Fululin: Used for pest control in vegetables and fruit trees, it has contact killing and stomach toxicity effects.
3. Pesticide adjuvants
Can be used as a solvent for pesticide emulsifiers and dispersants, enhancing efficacy and reducing residues. For example, in pesticide microcapsule formulations, it helps to form a stable capsule and control the drug release rate.
Food and feed additives: dual guarantee of safety and functionality
Esters, flavors, and preservatives synthesized from 1-propanol are widely used in the food industry and must strictly comply with GB 2760 "National Food Safety Standard for the Use of Food Additives".
1. Food spices
Propylparaben: Used for preservation and preservation of jam and beverages, with both antibacterial and fragrance enhancing effects.
Propionic acid series spices, such as ethyl propionate and benzyl propionate, endow food with fruity and floral aromas.
2. Feed preservatives
Propionic acid is a recognized safe preservative that can inhibit the growth of mold and bacteria, and extend the shelf life of feed. According to data from the China Feed Industry Association, the demand for feed grade propionic acid will reach 80000 tons in 2024, of which 60% will be produced by the oxidation of n-propanol.
3. Food packaging materials
Plasticizers synthesized from n-propanol, such as di-n-propyl phthalate, are used in the production of plastic films and bottle caps to enhance material flexibility and sealing performance.
N-propanol can generate various chemical products through reactions such as oxidation, dehydration, and amination, forming a complete industrial chain.
1. Propionaldehyde and Propionate
Propionaldehyde: produced by oxidation of n-propanol, used in the production of preservatives and resin raw materials. The global production of acetaldehyde is about 580000 tons, with China accounting for over 20%.
Propionic acid: further oxidized by acetaldehyde, it is the core raw material for food preservatives and spice intermediates. China's propionic acid production capacity is about 40000 tons, with 60% used for feed preservation.
2. N-propylamine and di-n-propylamine
N-propylamine: produced by amination of n-propanol, used in the synthesis of pesticides and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Di-n-propylamine: used as a catalyst or intermediate in the production of high molecular weight materials such as polyurethane and epoxy resin.
3. Other derivatives
Perfluoropropionic acid: used for preparing fluorinated surfactants, applied in the fields of firefighting and textiles.
N-bromopropane: an organic synthetic reagent used in the synthesis of drugs and fragrances.
1. Biofuels
N-propanol can be used as a substitute for bioethanol in the production of biodiesel or directly as a fuel additive. Its high calorific value (2020 kJ/mol) and low toxicity characteristics are in line with the trend of renewable energy development.
2. Materials Science
Polypropylene alcohol: It is prepared by polymerization of n-propanol and used to prepare hydrogels and biodegradable materials.
Nanomaterial synthesis: used as a solvent or reducing agent to prepare advanced materials such as metal nanoparticles and quantum dots.
Preparation of 1-propanol:
The cleaner production process of propanal hydrogenation to n-propanol includes the following steps:
a. When the crude propanol generated by the hydrogenation of propionaldehyde enters the distillation system, the delighting tower will condense and exchange the residual liquid of three-phase azeotrope formed by the by-product propyl propionate, water and n-propanol, and then pass it to the pervaporation membrane dehydration unit;
b. The gas phase materials separated from the pervaporation membrane dehydration device are condensed into wastewater A, which is mixed with the raw material propionaldehyde and then enters the system again. The condensed residual gas is evacuated by the vacuum pump; The liquid phase materials separated from the pervaporation membrane dehydration device are sent to distillation to separate n-propanol and propyl propionate from the liquid phase materials.
A preparation method of chromatographic pure n-propanol, the specific preparation steps are as follows:
(1) Take 50g of shell type activated carbon, dry it at 150 ℃ for 8 hours, and then put it into a dryer to cool down for standby;
(2) Take 1000ml of analytical pure n-propanol and put it into an extraction bottle. Add 50g of activated carbon pretreated in step (1) and shake it for 30 minutes. Leave it for 10 hours. Filter the activated carbon and put n-propanol into a 1000ml three necked distillation bottle;
(3) After the rectification equipment is installed as required, further rectify the n-propanol in step (2). The reflux ratio is adjusted to 2:30. Collect 96.5-97.5 fractions to obtain chromatographic pure n-propanol. Take samples for analysis. The yield of finished product is about 88% according to Q/12HB3730-2010.
1-Chemical properties of 1-propanol:
1. Acidity of alcohol:
Both propanol and water contain a hydrogen combined with oxygen atom, which shows a certain degree of acidity. However, due to the electron feeding effect of alkyl, the electron density of oxygen atom in alcohol is higher than that in water, so the acidity of alcohol is weaker than that of water (but stronger than that of acetylene hydrogen). Alcohols cannot react with aqueous solutions of alkali, but can only react with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals to release hydrogen and form alkoxide or alkoxide. For example, n-propanol can react with sodium and magnesium to form sodium and magnesium n-propanol:
The activity of hydrogen atom in alcohol hydroxyl is much lower than that in water, so the effect of alcohol and metal sodium is relatively mild.
Since the acidity of alcohol is weaker than that of HO -, the alkalinity of CH3CH2CH2O - is stronger than that of HO -, so the alcoholized substances will be decomposed into alcohol and metal oxides when meeting water. If sodium n-propanol reacts with water, it will generate n-propanol and sodium hydroxide:
2. Esterification reaction
Dehydration between n-propanol and inorganic oxyacid can generate corresponding inorganic ester. For example, n-propanol reacts with nitric acid to produce n-propyl nitrate:
N-propanol can also be dehydrated with organic oxyacids to form organic esters, for example, n-propanol and acetic acid can be heated to form n-propyl acetate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid:
3. Halogenation reaction
N-propanol can react with the hydrohalide acid to form halohydrocarbon and water. For example, hydrobromic acid can react with n-propanol to produce bromopropane:
The interaction between n-propanol and hydrohalide acid is an acid catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reaction. This reaction is the reverse reaction of the hydrolysis of haloalkanes.
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