Sodium taurocholate, chemically known as sodium (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)sulfanyl-3-oxo-3H-cholan-24-oate, is a bile salt derived from the conjugation of taurine with cholic acid. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the human body.
In the digestive system, along with other bile acids, is synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Upon ingestion of fatty foods, it is released into the duodenum, aiding in the emulsification and breakdown of fats into smaller droplets, thereby increasing their surface area for better digestion by lipase enzymes. This process significantly enhances the solubility and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K.
Moreover, it possesses detergent-like properties, helping to clean the walls of the small intestine and ensuring the efficient absorption of nutrients. It also plays a vital role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis by facilitating the reabsorption of cholesterol from the intestine and its excretion in bile acids, thus helping to regulate blood cholesterol levels.
Beyond its physiological functions, it finds applications in various medical and industrial settings. In pharmaceutical research, it is used as a solubilizing agent and an excipient in the formulation of medications. Additionally, it serves as a key component in cell culture media, promoting cell growth and differentiation.
In conclusion, sodium taurocholate is a versatile bile salt that not only supports essential digestive processes but also contributes to overall health and well-being through its cholesterol-regulating and nutrient-absorbing properties.
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Chemical Formula |
C26H44NNaO7S |
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Exact Mass |
537.27 |
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Molecular Weight |
537.69 |
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m/z |
537.27 (100.0%), 538.28 (28.1%), 539.27 (4.5%), 539.28 (2.7%), 539.28 (1.4%), 540.27 (1.3%), 539.28 (1.1%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 58.08; H, 8.25; N, 2.61; Na, 4.28; O, 20.83; S, 5.96 |
biochemical research
Lipase Accelerator:
- Serveing as a lipase accelerator, enhancing the activity of lipase enzymes.
- It forms complexes with lipases, increasing the solubility and absorbability of fats, which is valuable in the treatment of diseases associated with lipase deficiency or impaired fat digestion.
Anion Remover:
- As an anion remover, it can help in the removal of anionic impurities in biochemical reactions.
Bile Acid Research:
- It is an important bile acid, playing a crucial role in fat digestion and absorption.
- It can be used to study the physiological and pathological processes related to bile acids, such as bile acid metabolism and transport.
Protein Solubilization:
- Effective in solubilizing proteins, making it a useful reagent in protein purification and crystallization processes.
Bacterial Media Preparation:
- It is used in the preparation of bacterial culture media, particularly for the culture and isolation of intestinal bacteria.
Non-conjugated Bilirubin Solubilization:
- It can solubilize non-conjugated bilirubin, facilitating its study in biochemical research.
Pancreatitis Model:
- By inducing pancreatic damage in a dose-dependent manner, it can be used to create acute pancreatitis models, which are useful for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease.
Reagent Applications
Biochemical Reagents
A commonly used biochemical reagent in laboratories for various biochemical assays and reactions.
Fluorescent Labeling
When combined with indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared fluorescent dye, it can be used for fluorescent labeling. This technique allows for high-sensitivity imaging and real-time monitoring of its distribution and metabolism in vivo.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Dissolution of Proteins
- Protein Solubilization: Has been found to effectively solubilize various proteins. This property is particularly useful in protein purification and crystallization processes, where the solubility of proteins is a critical factor. By dissolving proteins in the solutions, researchers can more easily separate and purify them, facilitating further biochemical analysis and characterization.
- Enhanced Enzyme Activity: In some cases, it can also enhance the activity of certain enzymes by increasing their solubility and accessibility to substrates. This can be beneficial in biochemical reactions where enzyme activity is a limiting factor.
Dissolution of Non-conjugated Bilirubin
- Bilirubin Solubilization: Non-conjugated bilirubin, a breakdown product of heme metabolism, is typically insoluble in water and can form precipitates in biological fluids. It can solubilize non-conjugated bilirubin, making it more accessible for biochemical analysis and measurement.
- Medical Applications: The solubilization of non-conjugated bilirubin by it has potential medical applications. For example, in patients with bilirubin-related disorders, such as Gilbert's syndrome or Crigler-Najjar syndrome, it may be used to increase the solubility and excretion of bilirubin, thereby alleviating symptoms and improving patient outcomes.
Role in Bacterial Media Preparation
Solubilization and Nutrient Provision
Serving as a solubilizing agent in bacterial media, helping to dissolve and distribute nutrients uniformly throughout the medium. This ensures that intestinal bacteria have consistent access to essential nutrients for growth and replication.
Selective Cultivation
By incorporating it into bacterial media, researchers can create selective conditions that favor the growth of specific intestinal bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. This selectivity is achieved because it can act as a substrate for certain bacterial enzymes, providing an energy source that is preferentially utilized by the target bacteria.
Isolation of Intestinal Bacteria
Sodium taurocholate-containing media are often used for the isolation of intestinal bacteria from complex samples, such as fecal matter or intestinal biopsy specimens. The selective properties help to enrich the target bacteria in the media, making them easier to identify and study.
Applications in Microbiology
Diagnostic Testing
In diagnostic microbiology laboratories, Sodium taurocholate-based media are used to identify and differentiate between different species of intestinal bacteria. This is important for the accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections and other related conditions.
Research and Development
In research and development settings, Sodium taurocholate-containing media are used to study the growth characteristics, metabolism, and pathogenesis of intestinal bacteria. This information is critical for understanding the role of these bacteria in health and disease, and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Modeling of Acute Pancreatitis
As a cytotoxic substance, sodium taurocholate can induce pancreatic damage in a dose-dependent manner. By controlling drug concentration, different severity levels of acute pancreatitis models can be created.
It is a bile salt with significant biological activity and specific pharmacological effects. When constructing an acute pancreatitis model, it simulates bile reflux through retrograde perfusion of the pancreas, thereby damaging pancreatic tissue. This injury mechanism is similar to some pathophysiological processes of clinical acute pancreatitis, thus making this model of high research value.
Experimental preparation
Select healthy experimental animals (such as rats, mice or pigs, etc.), fast in advance to ensure that they are in an empty stomach state during the experiment. At the same time, the animals are kept in a stable state by intraperitoneal injection of anesthetics.
Surgical operation
Perform a midline incision to open the abdomen, gently pull out the duodenum, and find the duodenal opening along the bile and pancreas duct. Use a puncture needle to retrogradely puncture the pancreatic and bile duct near the end of the duodenum opening, and clamp the bile duct into the liver with an artery clamp to prevent bile reflux.
Model induction
A certain concentration of sodium taurocholate solution (such as 5%) is retrogradely injected into the bile and pancreas duct of the experimental animal at a certain speed (such as 0.1ml/min). The injection dose and speed can be adjusted as needed to create acute pancreatitis models of different severity. After the injection, leave the needle for a period of time (such as 8-10 minutes), then remove the puncture needle and suture the wound.
Sodium taurocholate, also known as taurocholic acid sodium, exhibits significant bioactive effects in various biological contexts. It has been demonstrated to possess inhibitory potential against hepatic artery ligation-induced biliary damage by upregulating VEGF-A expression. This compound also displays immunoregulatory properties.
In vitro studies have shown that can reduce the proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells and NK cells in PBMCs isolated from HBeAg-positive CHB patients. Furthermore, it decreases the levels of cytokines and cytotoxic granules (such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and granzyme B) stimulated by IFN-α in these cell types.
In vivo studies using C57BL/6 mice have revealed it, administered orally at a dosage of 100 mg/kg for two weeks, can reduce the percentage of NK and CD3+CD8+ T cells, thereby promoting HBV replication. Additionally, when included in the diet at 1% for one week, it prevents biliary damage induced by hepatic artery ligation in cholestatic rats by upregulating VEGF-A expression.
These findings highlight the diverse and potent bioactivities, which make it a valuable compound for further research in biomedical and pharmacological fields. However, further studies are needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications.
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