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Sineptina, also known as guitarimycin, it is a macrolide antibiotic with a wide range of indications. The appearance is white or off white powder, odorless, highly soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone or ether, extremely slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in petroleum ether. It is mainly used in clinical practice for upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, cholecystitis, pertussis, tonsillitis, and sepsis. Its medicinal ingredients are mainly a mixture of guitarimycin A5, guitarimycin A4, guitarimycin A1, and guitarimycin A13. Calculated as anhydrous, the potency per 1mg should not be less than 1300 guitarimycin units.
Additional information of chemical compound:
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Chemical Formula |
C39H65NO13 |
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Exact Mass |
755.45 |
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Molecular Weight |
755.94 |
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m/z |
755.45(100.0%),756.45(42.2%),757.45(8.7%),757.45(2.7%),758.45(1.1%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 61.97; H, 8.67; N, 1.85; O, 27.51 |
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Melting point |
128-145℃ |
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Storage conditions |
2-8℃ |
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Sineptina, Also known as acetyl guitarimycin, it has a wide range of applications, mainly including the following aspects:
Medical use
Treatment of infectious diseases: mainly used to treat a variety of infectious diseases caused by sensitive bacteria. These diseases include but are not limited to:
Respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., are usually caused by pathogens such as Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, or molds. It has a strong antibacterial effect on these pathogens, making it an effective drug for treating these diseases.
Ear, nose, and throat infections, such as tonsillitis and otitis media, may also be caused by the aforementioned pathogens. The antibacterial activity of this substance makes it an effective choice for treating these infections.
Urinary and reproductive system infections, such as gonorrhea, have inhibitory effects on gram-negative bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and can therefore be used to treat such infections.
Its antibacterial properties are similar to erythromycin, specifically manifested as strong inhibitory effects on gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It also has a certain inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Bordetella pertussis.
In addition, it also has inhibitory effects on Mycoplasma, Leptospira, and Rickettsia. Drug characteristics and usage: In the field of medicine, it is usually administered orally or intravenously, and the specific dosage and usage need to be adjusted according to factors such as the patient's age, weight, and condition.
Veterinary use
Treatment of infectious diseases of livestock and poultry: the substance has good therapeutic effect on a variety of infectious diseases of livestock and poultry. These diseases include but are not limited to: chronic respiratory diseases in chickens caused by pathogens such as mycoplasma. Treatment with it can significantly alleviate symptoms and promote the recovery of chickens.
Porcine pneumonia: Porcine pneumonia is a common livestock and poultry disease, and its treatment effect is significant. It can effectively inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens and promote the recovery of sick pigs.
Porcine bacterial dysentery: Porcine bacterial dysentery is an intestinal infectious disease caused by bacteria. This substance has a good effect on treating this disease, can quickly control the condition, and reduce death.
As a feed additive: It is also commonly used as a feed additive to promote the growth of livestock and improve feed conversion rate. In animal husbandry production, adding it to the feed of livestock and poultry can improve their immunity, enhance their disease resistance, promote their growth and development, improve feed utilization, and reduce production costs.
Discontinuation period: When using it to treat livestock and poultry diseases, attention should be paid to the discontinuation period. The discontinuation period refers to the period during which livestock and poultry need to wait for a period of time before they can be marketed for sale or used for food processing after ceasing use. The setting of the drug withdrawal period is to ensure that the residual amount of drugs in livestock and poultry is reduced to a safe level, thereby ensuring food safety.
Avoid using during egg laying period: For laying hens and other poultry, this substance should be avoided during egg laying period. Because drugs may enter eggs through the bloodstream, thereby affecting the quality and safety of eggs.
Rational use of medication: When using, it is necessary to follow the guidance of a veterinarian and use medication reasonably. This includes selecting appropriate administration methods, dosages, and treatment courses to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the medication.
Scientific research and chemical reagents
Scientific research: As a compound with antibacterial activity, this substance may have certain research value in biology and medical research. For example, it can be used as a tool for studying bacterial resistance, antibacterial mechanisms, and new drug development. By delving into its antibacterial mechanism and interaction with bacteria, scientists can further understand the growth and reproduction process of bacteria, providing a theoretical basis for the development of new antibacterial drugs.
Chemical synthesis and reaction: This substance may participate in reactions as a raw material or intermediate in chemical synthesis, and is used to prepare other compounds with specific functions. Its specific chemical structure and properties make it an ideal choice for certain chemical reactions.
Analytical testing: In chemical analysis, it may be used as an indicator or standard to detect and analyze the presence or concentration of other compounds. Qualitative or quantitative analysis of the target compound can be achieved through its interaction with the target compound or color change characteristics.
However, its application in scientific research and chemical reagent fields is relatively unique and limited, and the specific application scenarios and uses may vary depending on the research field and purpose. Therefore, when using this substance for scientific research and chemical reagent preparation, it is necessary to fully understand its chemical properties and reaction characteristics to ensure the safety and accuracy of the experiment.
export trade
As an export of chemical reagents, it is widely used in scientific research and chemical reagent fields due to its specific chemical properties and structure. In foreign trade exports, it is often exported as a chemical reagent or research raw material to other countries to support local scientific research, chemical analysis, or new drug development.
As an antibiotic feed additive for export: This substance has antibacterial activity and is therefore also used as a feed additive to promote animal growth and prevent diseases. In foreign trade exports, it may be added to animal feed and then exported as a whole feed product to other countries to meet the needs of local animal husbandry.
Meeting foreign market demand: The demand for it may vary in different countries and regions. Some countries may heavily import Sineptina due to their unique research environment or market demand. Therefore, foreign trade exports have become an important way to meet these market demands.
Participate in international trade cooperation: Its foreign trade exports also involve international trade cooperation. By establishing cooperative relationships with foreign clients, we can jointly develop new products, expand new markets, and promote their application and promotion worldwide.
Adhere to international trade rules and standards: In the process of foreign trade exports, it is necessary to strictly abide by international trade rules and standards to ensure their quality and safety. This includes compliance with import regulations, quality standards, and environmental requirements of relevant countries.
What are the side effects of this compound?
The side effects and possible drawbacks of Sineptina mainly include the following aspects:
1.Common side effects
Gastrointestinal reactions
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and other common gastrointestinal discomfort symptoms after the use of this substance. These reactions may be related to the stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract by drugs.
Allergic reactions
Some patients may experience allergic reactions such as rash and urticaria after use. These reactions usually gradually subside after discontinuing the medication.
Abnormal liver function
Long term use may cause damage to the liver, leading to abnormal liver function. Therefore, regular monitoring of liver function is necessary during use.
2.Other possible drawbacks
Drug interactions
This substance may interact with other drugs, leading to reduced efficacy or increased side effects. Therefore, when using it, it is necessary to inform the doctor of the other medications being used, so that the doctor can adjust the medication dosage or choose other suitable medications.
Drug resistance issue
Long term use of this substance may lead to bacterial resistance to drugs, making the drug ineffective in treating bacterial infections. Therefore, when using, it is necessary to follow the doctor's instructions, take medication on time and in the appropriate amount, and avoid drug abuse.
Pregnant women and children are prohibited from using
The safety of this substance for pregnant women and children is not yet clear, therefore it is contraindicated for pregnant women and children. For other special populations such as the elderly and those with liver and kidney dysfunction, caution should also be exercised under the guidance of a doctor.
Core Antibacterial Mechanism
Sineptina, a macrolide antibiotic, has a mechanism of action highly similar to that of erythromycin. By binding to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, it inhibits transpeptidase activity and blocks mRNA translocation, thereby suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. This process has dual characteristics:
Antibacterial property: Inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria at low concentrations;
Bactericidal property: Directly kills bacteria at high concentrations.
Its antibacterial spectrum covers Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, tetani bacillus, diphtheria bacillus), some Gram-negative bacteria (such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, pertussis bacillus), as well as mycoplasma, leptospira, rickettsia and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Clinical Therapeutic functions
Pneumonia: It has a remarkable therapeutic effect on pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycoplasma, especially suitable for patients allergic to penicillin.
Bronchitis/tonsillitis: By inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors, it alleviates the swelling of the respiratory tract mucosa.
Pertussis: The inhibitory effect on Bordetella pertussis can shorten the course of the disease and reduce complications.
For furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis and other conditions caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, it achieves an effective concentration through local penetration.
Gonorrhea: Its sensitivity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae makes it one of the options for the treatment of gonorrhea.
Non-gonorrhea urethritis: The inhibitory effect on Chlamydia trachomatis can relieve urethral symptoms.
Legionnaires' disease: Inhibition of Legionella pneumophila can prevent the development of severe pneumonia.
Diphtheria: Combined with antitoxins, it can enhance the therapeutic effect.
It still maintains a high sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, providing alternative treatment options for clinical practice.
Veterinary Functions
Swine enzootic pneumonia: By inhibiting Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, it alleviates symptoms of coughing and shortness of breath.
Chronic respiratory diseases in chickens: It has preventive and therapeutic effects on air sac inflammation and infraorbital sinusitis caused by Mycoplasma septicemia.
Swine bacillary dysentery: Inhibition of Treponema dysenteriae and Clostridium difficile can reduce diarrhea and dehydration.
Necrotizing enteritis in chickens: Reduce the production of Clostridium perfringens toxin, control intestinal bleeding and necrosis.
Feed additives: Adding 5.0-35g /t (based on active ingredients) to pig feed can increase daily weight gain by 5%-10% and reduce the feed-to-meat ratio by 0.2-0.3.
Chicken feed additives: Adding 5.0-10g /t to the feed of chickens under 10 weeks of age can increase egg production by 3% to 5% and improve eggshell quality.
Animal experiments have shown that low-dose guitaramycin can enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages and improve the level of vaccine immune response.
Safety and Precautions
Adverse reactions
Common gastrointestinal reactions include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, with an incidence rate of approximately 5% to 10%.
Occasionally, rashes and abnormal liver function may occur, which can recover spontaneously after drug withdrawal.
Contraindications and use with caution
Contraindicated for those allergic to macrolides.
Patients with liver dysfunction need to have their dosage adjusted or transaminase monitored.
Drug interactions
When used in combination with theophyllines, it may increase the blood concentration of theophyllines, and the blood concentration needs to be monitored.
It has an antagonistic effect with lincomycin derivatives and should not be used in combination.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary use of Sineptina?
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Medical Applications:
Used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria (such as streptococci and staphylococci), including respiratory tract infections (e.g., pharyngitis, tonsillitis), skin and soft tissue infections, gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, Legionnaires' disease, and pertussis.
Note: Some sources indicate it is intended solely for industrial or research purposes, but clinical literature explicitly supports its medical applications.
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry:
Used as a feed additive to promote growth in pigs and chickens and improve feed conversion rates.
Prevents chronic respiratory disease in chickens and treats pertussis, pneumonia, bronchitis, and other conditions.
What are the storage conditions for Sineptina?
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Store in a light-protected, dry, and sealed environment. Some products are recommended to be stored at a low temperature of 2–8°C to maintain stability.
What is the molecular structure and properties of Sineptina?
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Sineptina consists of a phenyl group, a carbonyl group, and a thiazolidine ring. Its unique chemical structure confers antibacterial activity.
Its melting point ranges from 128 to 145°C, boiling point is approximately 851.7°C (at 760 mmHg), and density is 1.25 g/cm³.
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