Vitamin K2 powder, also known as Menatetrenone, is a naturally occurring k2 menatetrenone containing menadione basic structure and anti bleeding effect. In 1929, Dame found that there are two kinds of vitamin K in nature, K1 and K2, both of which are naphthoquinone compounds. This product is yellow crystal or oily liquid, insoluble in water, easily soluble in organic solvents and vegetable oil, heat-resistant, but easy to be damaged by light. It can promote the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver, regulate the synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X, and accelerate blood coagulation. In addition, it plays an important role in glucose phosphorylation in cells. In some bacteria (such as Mycobacterium), it can be used as a component of the respiratory chain. After deficiency, the coagulation time is prolonged, so when there is trauma, it will bleed more than once. Human and animal intestinal bacteria can synthesize, so it is generally not easy to get deficiency. Liver, fish, meat and green leafy vegetables such as cabbage and spinach are abundant.
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Melting point 350C, Boiling point 494.59 ° C (rough estimate), Density 1.0461 (rough estimate), Refractive index 1.5045 (estimate), Flash point 2 ℃, Storage conditions -20 ° C, Morphological neat, InChIKeyDKHGMERMDICWDU-GHDNBGIDSA-N, Warning word danger, Hazard description h225-h302+h312+h332-h319, Precautions p210-p280-p305+p351+p338, Safety instructions 22-24/25, Dangerous goods transport No. UN 1648 3 / PGII, WGK Germany 3, RTECS No. ql9279500, Toxicity LD50 intrinsic in dog: > 40ml/kg.
Human intestinal bacteria can produce tetraenomenadione (vitamin K2), so there is no risk of deficiency at ordinary times. However, menatetrenone k2 deficiency will be caused by long-term taking of sulfa drugs or antibiotics to inhibit bacteria, or any situation that causes poor absorption of lipids, such as bile duct obstruction, stool fat, tropical diarrhea, pancreatic dysfunction, etc. Normally harmless minor injuries can also cause bleeding and death to animals lacking K. Therefore, patients with intestinal obstruction and bile duct obstruction must be injected with vitamin K before operation. The intestinal cavity sterility of newborn infants can also lead to neonatal hemorrhage due to lack of K, which can continue until there are bacteria in the intestinal cavity. Prenatal injection of K to pregnant women can prevent. If it is injected directly into newborns, it should not be too much at one time to avoid hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. There is no risk of vitamin K deficiency in adults as long as intestinal fat is well absorbed.
It is well known that patients with vitamin K deficiency have decreased prothrombin in blood and prolonged coagulation time. Therefore, the main function of K is to promote the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver. After years of research, it was found that vitamin K also promoted the formation of coagulation factors Ⅶ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ in the liver. In the absence of K, these coagulation factors will decrease. Because of this, when suffering from liver cancer or cirrhosis, liver tissue is seriously damaged and liver function is abnormal. Although vitamin K is given, it is also ineffective.
The biochemical mechanism of vitamin K has been debated. Recently, it has been considered that it does not promote the biosynthesis of prothrombin, but only integrates 10 glutamate residues at the N-terminal of prothrombin precursor molecule γ Carboxylation turns into prothrombin that can bind to ca2+. obviously γ Carboxylated glutamate residues are where prothrombin binds to ca2+. such γ Carboxylation requires vitamin K. γ Carboxylation may be widespread. Vitamin K plays an important role in the synthesis of four coagulation factors.
Tetraenoquinone is the main active form of vitamin K1 and plays an important role in the human body. It mainly exists in green vegetables, such as spinach, cabbage, peas, etc. Its content in green vegetables is related to factors such as vegetable variety, growth conditions, and post harvest treatment. Tetraene naphthoquinone is also widely used in fields such as medicine, food, and cosmetics.
1. In the field of medicine
Tetraene naphthoquinone is mainly used to prevent and treat bleeding diseases caused by vitamin K deficiency, such as neonatal bleeding and late-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding. It can also be used to treat liver disease, gallstones and other diseases. Tetraene naphthoquinone can also be used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases.
2. In the field of food
Tetraene naphthalene quinone is mainly added as a nutritional fortifier to supplement the human body's demand for vitamin K1. Vitamin K1 is one of the essential nutrients for the human body, which plays an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions and health status. Nutritional fortification foods with the addition of tetrahydroquinone can meet the human body's demand for vitamin K1 and improve the absorption and utilization of other nutrients. It can also be used in animal feed to improve animal production performance and health status.
In summary, tetraenoquinone is an important lipid soluble vitamin that plays an important role in the human body. Due to its extensive physiological functions and application value, tetraene naphthalene quinone has received widespread attention and research in fields such as medicine, food, cosmetics, etc.
A method for synthesizing vitamin K2 powder comprises the following steps:
Adding menadione monoacetate, ether organic solvent, boron trifluoride · ether, adding geranyl linanol in several times, and washing with water, 5% sodium bicarbonate and 5% sodium chloride after the reaction;
In the material obtained in step (1), add toluene, add water under stirring, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and methanol;
Add water and potassium hydroxide to the organic solvent of the material obtained in step (2), drop chemical oxidant, and concentrate under reduced pressure to obtain the final product The beneficial effect of the invention is that the preparation method of vitamin K2 is optimized through a large number of tests, and the preferred solvent and oxidant are determined The invention has simple preparation method, low cost and is suitable for scale production.
A new process for the synthesis of K2MK tetraene naphthalene quinone, belonging to the field of pharmaceuticals, comprising the following steps:
This step involves the synthesis of aromatic camphor bromide, but the specific reaction conditions and equations are not provided.
C11H8O2+C2H4O2+C5H6 → reactant A
a. Add naphthoquinone and glacial acetic acid to a three necked bottle.
b. Add cyclopentadiene dropwise during the stirring process.
c. After the dripping is completed, continue stirring. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is distilled under reduced pressure to recover glacial acetic acid and obtain the mother liquor.
C4H9KO+CH2Cl2+mother liquor+geranyl camphor bromide → layered reaction solution
a. Add potassium tert butanol and anhydrous dichloromethane to another three necked bottle and stir under the protection of anhydrous and oxygen free nitrogen gas.
b. Continue the reaction by adding the mother liquor and geranyl camphor bromide dropwise under stirring.
c. Obtain a layered reaction solution, with the bottom layer washed with NaCl saturated solution.
d. After dehydration treatment, deprotection reaction was carried out to obtain the crude product of K2MK tetraene naphthalene quinone.
K2MK tetraenomenadione crude product+deprotection reagent → K2MK tetraenomenadione
a. Recrystallize the crude product multiple times with ethanol.
b. Perform low-temperature vacuum drying.
c. Obtaining high-quality K2MK tetraene naphthalene quinone.
The discovery and research story of Vitamin K2 powder can be traced back to a series of scientific explorations in the early 20th century. The following is a detailed explanation of its discovery and research process:
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1. Discovery of Vitamin K2
Preliminary findings:
In 1928, Danish scientist Henrik Damm began a study on "cholesterol metabolism in chicks". He found that chicks fed with cholesterol free food would experience bleeding in their skin, muscles, and other organs. However, adding purified cholesterol to the diet does not reverse this bleeding condition. Damm speculates that this may be caused by another unknown element.
Naming and Separation:
In 1935, Dam named this newly discovered fat soluble substance "Vitamin K", where "K" is derived from the first letter of the German word "Koagulation" (coagulation).
In 1939, American chemist Edward Adelbert Doyce successfully isolated vitamin K and determined its chemical structure. The vitamin K isolated from alfalfa is called K1, while the vitamin K isolated from spoiled fish meal is called K2, and the two have slightly different structures.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine:
In 1943, Dam and Doisie were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to vitamin K (K1 and K2). However, due to limited understanding of vitamin K at that time, scientists were unable to accurately distinguish between vitamin K1 and vitamin K2, so both were classified as vitamin K. This cognitive limitation led to the neglect of itin the following decades, known as the 'forgotten vitamin'.
2. The research process of vitamin K2
Rediscovering and Recognizing:
Although vitamin K2 has been overlooked for a long time, in recent years, with the deepening of scientific research, people have gradually realized the importance of it in human health. The main function of it is to activate osteocalcin in bones and matrix Gla protein (MGP) in blood vessels, thereby having a significant impact on human health.
Physiological function research:
Vitamin K2 can activate matrix glutamate protein (MGP) and osteocalcin, transport calcium ions from the blood to the bones, assist in the proper deposition of bone calcium, and achieve "calcium induced osteogenesis". This discovery has drawn widespread attention to the role of it in bone health.
Meanwhile, vitamin K2 can also inhibit arterial calcification, reduce the incidence of fractures, and have a significant impact on human cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health. Research has shown that it can clear calcified plaques on the blood vessel wall, soften blood vessels, prevent arteriosclerosis, and thus reduce cardiovascular mortality.
3. Food sources and supplementation methods:
Vitamin K2 exists in the human body and plays important physiological roles, but the body cannot synthesize vitamin K2 itself. It is mainly obtained through food and fermentation products of gut microbiota. In daily food consumption, it is mainly found in dairy products, eggs, and fermented foods such as yogurt, natto, cheese, etc. Among them, natto is one of the most abundant sources of it.
In addition, it can also be synthesized in the gut through microbial communities, but the amount synthesized is far from what the human body needs. Therefore, for individuals who require additional supplementation of it, taking it supplements is an effective choice.
4. Modern research and application:
In recent years, with the continuous deepening of research on vitamin K2, it has been found that there is a close relationship between it and various chronic diseases. Therefore, the application prospects of it in the prevention and treatment of these diseases have attracted much attention. For example, in terms of bone health, it has been widely used to treat and prevent osteoporosis; In terms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, vitamin K2 is also considered an effective nutrient for preventing arteriosclerosis.
In summary, the discovery and research process of it is full of twists and turns. From its initial accidental discovery to its widespread application today, the importance of it in human health has gradually been recognized by people. With the continuous deepening of scientific research, it is believed that it will demonstrate its unique value and potential in more fields.
FAQ
1. Does the effect of Vitamin K2 powder on the cardiovascular system depend positively on the dosage?
It is not completely linear. The MK-7 type K2 can effectively activate matrix Gla protein within a daily range of 100-200 micrograms. Excessive supplementation may not bring additional benefits but instead increase the metabolic burden.
2. Will the powder form affect its bioavailability?
The powder form is more susceptible to the effects of light and oxidation. Compared to the capsule protection, if the powder is consumed directly without proper storage or if it comes into contact with stomach acid for too long, some of the active ingredients may degrade prematurely.
3. Could the "calcium guidance" role of K2 be overly interpreted?
It is necessary to maintain rationality. Although K2 can promote calcium deposition in bones rather than blood vessels, its effect on reversing the formation of arterial calcification is limited, and bone health still requires the synergistic action of vitamins D3, magnesium, etc.
4. Are there any fundamental differences between the fermentation source (natto) and the chemically synthesized K2?
The MK-7 derived from fermentation contains natural optical isomers. Its biological activity and half-life are significantly superior to some synthetic forms, and it also contains trace amounts of symbiotic nutrients. However, its price is usually higher.
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