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Ethephon powder chemical formula C2H6CIO3P,CAS 16672-87-0, is an organic compound, which is a white needle crystal, soluble in ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and other polar organic solvents, slightly soluble in non-polar organic solvents such as benzene and toluene, and insoluble in kerosene, diesel oil and petroleum ether. When pH<3.5, it is stable in the aqueous solution, and ethylene is released by hydrolysis with the increase of pH. It is sensitive to ultraviolet light and stable below 75 ℃. It is used as a growth stimulant for agricultural plants. Ethephon is a high-quality and efficient plant growth regulator, which has the effects of promoting fruit maturity, stimulating bleeding, and regulating the sex transformation of some plants.
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Chemical Formula |
C2H6ClO3P |
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Exact Mass |
144 |
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Molecular Weight |
144 |
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m/z |
144 (100.0%), 146 (32.0%), 145 (2.2%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 16.63; H, 4.19; Cl, 24.53; O, 33.22; P, 21.44 |
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Ethephon is a plant growth regulator, which has the physiological effects of plant hormones to enhance the secretion of emulsion, accelerate maturity, abscission, aging and promote flowering. Under certain conditions, ethephon can not only release ethylene itself, but also induce plants to produce ethylene.
1. At the seedling age of cucumber, spray the liquid medicine once at the time of one leaf and one heart respectively, with the concentration of 200-300mg/kg, and the yield increase effect is quite significant. When the concentration is below 200mg/kg, the yield increase effect is not significant, and when the concentration is higher than 300mg/kg, the growth and development of the seedlings are inhibited too much, which is unfavorable for improving the quality of the seedlings. The treated seedlings had more female flowers, shorter internodes and higher percentage of melon sitting. According to statistics, female flowers appear almost every node within 20 nodes of the plant. At this time, the plant needs sufficient nutrients to make the melon sit and grow, so ethephon powder is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. Generally, when the temperature is above 15 ℃, water frequently and fertilize more. If the seedlings are not squatted, the amount of fertilizer will increase by 30% - 40% compared with the untreated ones. At the same time, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed on the leaves for 3-5 times in the middle and late stages to ensure the nutrient requirements of plant vegetative growth and reproductive growth and prevent plant aging.
The node position of female flowers of autumn cucumber is high, and 150 mg/kg ethephon is especially effective when applied to 3-4 true leaves. However, it should be noted that the treatment of cucumber seedlings with 50 mg/kg concentration of ethephon solution will promote the occurrence of female flowers and reduce female flowers.
2. Spray the plants with 150-200mg/kg ethephon solution at the trefoil stage of zucchini, then spray every 10-15 days for three times in total, which can increase the female flowers, mature 7-10 days earlier, and increase the early yield by 15% - 20%.
Pumpkin can be sprayed with reference to zucchini. Leaf spraying at 3-4 leaf stage can greatly increase the production of female flowers, inhibit the development of male flowers, and increase the yield, especially the yield of early maturity. However, the treatment effect varies with varieties.
1. Tomato ripening can be accelerated by painting pedicels, soaking fruits and painting fruits.
Pedicel coating: at the white ripening stage of tomato fruit, apply 300 mg/kg ethephon on the pedicel.
Fruit coating: apply 400mg/kg ethephon on the sepals of white ripe fruit flowers and the fruit surface nearby.
Fruit soaking: soak the fruit in 200mg/kg ethephon solution for 1 minute after harvest in the color changing period, and then harvest the fruit to stimulate redness at 25 ℃.
Field fruit spraying for ripening: In the later stage of one-time harvesting, 1000 mg/kg ethephon solution can be used to spray fruits on the plant.
2. Spraying sufficient watermelons with 100-300 mg/kg ethephon solution can mature 5-7 days earlier, increase the soluble solids by 1% - 3%, increase the sweetness of watermelons, promote the seed maturity and reduce the white seed melon.
Promote plant dwarfing
Tomato seedlings were treated twice with 300 mg/kg ethephon solution from 3 leaves, 1 heart piece to 5 true leaves to control seedling overgrowth, make tomato plants dwarf, enhance stress resistance and increase early yield.
Breaking plant dormancy:
Soaking ginger seeds with ethephon powder before sowing can obviously promote the germination of ginger, showing fast germination speed and high seedling emergence rate. The number of sprouts on each piece of ginger increased from one to 2-3. When using ethephon to soak seeds, the use concentration should be strictly controlled, and 250-500mg/kg concentration is the appropriate concentration, which can promote germination, increase branches, and improve rhizome yield. If the concentration is too high, up to 750mg/kg, it will obviously inhibit the growth of ginger seedlings, showing that the plants are short, the stems are thin, the leaves are small, and the rhizomes are small, leading to yield reduction.
Ethylene, as a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, plays an important role in agricultural production. Its chemical properties are stable and can be stored for a long time in aqueous solutions with pH<3.5. However, after entering the plant body, it rapidly decomposes and releases ethylene gas as the pH increases, simulating the physiological effects of endogenous hormones.
Strengthening the lodging resistance of corn
Spraying 10-15 milliliters/acre of 40% ethephon solution during the leaf development stage of 6-8 corn leaves can significantly shorten the internode length at the base of the stem. Experimental data shows that this treatment can reduce corn ear height by 15% -20%, increase stem thickness by 12% -15%, and increase lodging resistance index by more than 30%. Its mechanism of action is that ethephon inhibits the polar transport of auxin, breaks the apical dominance, and promotes the lateral transport of nutrients to the stem.
Cultivation of Short and Tall Rice
In the 5-6 leaf stage of continuous cropping late rice seedlings, 800 times of liquid was used for stem and leaf spray, which could reduce the height of seedlings by 20% -25% and increase the tillering by 15% -20%.
After transplantation, the greening period is shortened by 3-5 days, the effective tillering rate is increased by 18%, and the final yield is increased by 8% -12%. This technology requires strict control of the medication period. Using ethephon powder too early can lead to tiller inhibition, while using it too late can weaken the dwarfing effect.
Cotton plant type regulation
Spraying ethephon during the budding stage of cotton can promote lateral growth of fruit branches and form a compact plant shape. Experiments have shown that this treatment reduces plant height by 15% -20%, shortens fruit branch length by 10% -15%, significantly improves ventilation and transparency, and reduces bell rot rate by 25% -30%. At the same time, the combination of ethephon and thiamethoxam can achieve synergistic regulation of vertical growth inhibition and horizontal thickening.
Standardization of Banana Ripening
Treat 7-8 mature bananas using the fumigation method with medication packs, using 30-70 milligrams of 20% ethephon granules per kilogram of fruit. The processing conditions need to be strictly controlled: temperature 20-25 ℃, relative humidity 85% -90%, CO ₂ concentration<5%. After 48-72 hours of treatment, the starch content of bananas decreased from 22% to 8%, the soluble sugar content increased from 12% to 20%, and the peel yellowing index reached level 4 or above. This technology can bring bananas to market 7-10 days earlier and extend their shelf life by 3-5 days.
Tomato color conversion optimization
At the white ripening stage, the fruit surface was spray or smeared with 500-1000 times of 40% ethephon. After 3-5 days of processing, tomatoes begin to turn color and reach maturity in 7-10 days.
Compared with natural ripening, the soluble solids content of treated fruits increased by 1.5-2.0 percentage points, the vitamin C content increased by 8% -12%, and the fruit cracking rate decreased by 15% -20%. Attention should be paid to avoiding contact between the medicinal solution and the leaves to prevent premature aging.
Persimmon astringency promotes ripening
After harvesting, soak the persimmons in a 400 fold solution for 30 seconds, place them in a 25 ℃ environment, and complete de astringency within 3-5 days. The soluble tannin content of the processed fruit decreased from 4.2% to below 0.3%, and the sugar acid ratio increased from 8:1 to 15:1. For late maturing varieties, green fruits can be sprayed 10 days before harvesting to achieve de astringency on the tree and reduce post harvest processing costs.
Drought stress alleviation
Spraying ethephon during the corn trumpet stage can induce stomatal closure and reduce transpiration and water loss. Experiments have shown that under sustained drought conditions, the relative water content of treated plants is 8% -10% higher than the control, the photosynthetic rate is increased by 15% -20%, and the yield loss is reduced by 25% -30%. Ethephon powder mechanism of action is related to ethylene induced accumulation of proline and soluble sugars.
Defense against low temperature and cold damage
Treating bananas with ethephon after harvesting can improve their skin's cold resistance. When stored in a 1 ℃ cold storage, the cold damage index of the treated fruits decreased by 40% -50% compared to the control, and the browning area of the fruit peel decreased by 30% -40%. This technology is achieved by inducing inhibition of polyphenol oxidase activity and enhancing cell membrane stability.
Adaptation to salt alkali stress
Spraying ethephon during rice seedling stage can activate antioxidant enzyme systems such as SOD and POD, and reduce MDA content. Under the condition of 0.3% NaCl concentration, the survival rate of treated plants increased by 20% -25% compared to the control, and the dry matter accumulation increased by 15% -18%. Its function is related to ethylene induced synthesis of proline and betaine.
Rubber tree yields increase
Applying 2.5% ethephon paste on the cutting line 3 days before cutting can extend the glue dispensing time by 2-3 hours and increase the daily glue production per plant by 30% -50%. This technology requires strict control of the dosage, excessive use can lead to bark necrosis. For rubber trees over 12 years old, it is recommended to use a 5% concentration paste, with a dosage of no more than 2 grams per tree.
Tobacco quality improvement and efficiency enhancement
Spraying 1000-2000 times the liquid 7-10 days before tobacco harvesting can promote tobacco maturation, reduce nicotine content by 15% -20%, and increase the proportion of high-quality tobacco by 10% -15%.
The reducing sugar content of processed tobacco leaves increased by 1.0-1.5 percentage points, and the sugar alkali ratio was optimized to the ideal range of 8-10.
Flower flowering period regulation
Spraying ethylene can induce early flowering in plants such as chrysanthemums and peonies that receive equal sunlight. Spraying 50-100 mg/L solution during flower bud differentiation can advance flowering time by 10-15 days. For short day plants such as chrysanthemums, the combination of ethephon and gibberellin can achieve precise control of flowering period and meet the supply demand of the festival market.
Using technical specifications and security controls
There are significant differences in the sensitivity of different crops to ethephon powder. The concentration used during the seedling stage of melons should be controlled at 150-200 milligrams per liter. Exceeding 300 milligrams per liter can easily lead to malformed fruits; The ripening concentration of bananas needs to be adjusted according to maturity. The suitable concentration for 7 mature fruits is 0.2% -0.3%, and for 8 mature fruits it can be reduced to 0.1% -0.2%.
The decomposition rate of ethylene is significantly affected by temperature. Slow decomposition and poor ripening effect in environments below 20 ℃; Decomposing too quickly above 30 ℃ can easily lead to drug damage. It is recommended to maintain a temperature of 25-28 ℃ and a relative humidity of 75% -85% after application. For closed fumigation treatment, it is necessary to strictly control the concentration of CO ₂<5% to prevent fruit suffocation and damage.
The safe interval before harvesting fruits and vegetables should be ≥ 7 days. The experiment showed that the residual ethylene content in bananasreached 0.5 mg/kg on the 5th day after application, and decreased to below 0.1 mg/kg on the 7th day, which meets the national standard. For exporting fruits and vegetables, the interval period needs to be extended to 10-14 days according to the requirements of the target market.
The pesticide applicator should wear protective clothing, gloves, and goggles to avoid contact of the drug with the skin and eyes. Immediately clean the exposed area with soapy water after application, and soak the utensils in 5% alkaline solution for 30 minutes before cleaning. Waste packaging materials need to be centrally disposed of to prevent contamination of water sources.
1. Diethyl phosphite route:
Heat diethyl phosphite to 90 ℃ and pass nitrogen for 30min.
A little initiator is added, vinyl chloride is introduced, and the addition reaction temperature is controlled to obtain 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid diethyl ester.
Then add concentrated hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze the addition product, reflux at 120~130 ℃ for 24h to prepare ethephon, evaporate some water to obtain crude product, which can be used to prepare dosage form.
The raw materials of this method are easy to obtain, the equipment is simple, the investment is small, the three wastewater is simple, the operation is simple, the unreacted raw materials are easy to recover, and the total yield is 60% based on phosphorus trichloride.
2. Ethylene oxide route:
Ethephon is synthesized by direct addition of phosphorus trichloride and ethylene oxide through molecular rearrangement and acidolysis. The addition temperature is 20~25 ℃, the molecular ratio is 1:3 (excessive ethylene oxide), the rearrangement reaction is 220~230 ℃, and the acidolysis temperature is 160~170 ℃.
This method is the main production method in China. There are some impurities in the product, but the production requirements are not high.
3. Ethylene route:
ClCH2CH2P (O) Cl2 is directly synthesized from ethylene, phosphorus trichloride and air (or oxygen) under low temperature or high pressure, and then hydrolyzed to ethephon.
The production process of this method is simple and the cost is low, but the equipment requirements are high and the operation requirements are strict.
4. Dichloroethane route:
The complex is formed by dichloroethane and phosphorus trichloride under the catalysis of anhydrous AlCl3, which is decomposed into ClCH2CH2P (O) Cl2 by adding water, and further added water to generate ethephon.
The purity of the product is high, but the operation is complex and the yield is still low.
Like ethylene, ethephon powder mainly enhances the ability of RNA synthesis in cells and promotes protein synthesis. In the abscission zone of plants, such as petioles, fruit stalks, and the base of petals, the increased synthesis of protein promotes the de cellulase re synthesis in the abscission layer, which accelerates the formation of abscission layer, leading to organ abscission. Ethephon can enhance the activity of enzymes, activate phosphatase and other enzymes related to fruit maturity when the fruit is mature, and promote fruit maturity. In senescent or diseased plants, the change of peroxidase is caused by the promotion of protein synthesis by ethephon. Ethylene can inhibit the synthesis of endogenous auxin and delay plant growth.
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