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C-peptide, also known as the connecting peptide, is an important by-product during the biosynthesis of insulin. When pancreatic β cells secrete insulin, the insulin precursor is broken down by enzymes into equal amounts of insulin and C-peptide. Therefore, the secretion of C-peptide is directly related to the generation of endogenous insulin, and its half-life is longer and its concentration in the blood is more stable, making it a key indicator for evaluating the function of pancreatic β cells. In clinical diagnosis, by measuring the level of C-peptide, one can effectively distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, assess the residual function of the pancreas, monitor pancreatic cell tumors, and identify the cause of hypoglycemia. Compared to directly detecting insulin, C-peptide determination is not interfered by exogenous insulin injections, and can more accurately reflect the insulin secretion ability of the patient, providing a core basis for diabetes classification, treatment plan formulation, and prognosis judgment.
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Customized Bottle Caps And Corks:
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Chemical Formula |
C137H225N37O49 |
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Exact Mass |
3173 |
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Molecular Weight |
3175 |
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m/z |
3174 (100.0%), 3175 (73.5%), 3173 (67.5%), 3176 (24.7%), 3176 (11.1%), 3177 (11.1%), 3176 (10.1%), 3175 (9.2%), 3174 (9.2%), 3175 (6.8%), 3176 (5.9%), 3177 (4.5%), 3175 (4.4%), 3176 (4.1%), 3177 (3.9%), 3178 (3.5%), 3177 (2.9%), 3175 (2.6%), 3178 (2.5%), 3177 (1.9%), 3175 (1.9%), 3174 (1.7%), 3178 (1.3%), 3174 (1.3%), 3176 (1.2%), 3178 (1.1%), 3179 (1.1%), 3177 (1.0%) |
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Elemental Analysis |
C, 51.83; H, 7.14; N, 16.33; O, 24.70 |
C Peptide, also known as C-peptide, is a peptide fragment produced during insulin synthesis and secretion. As a pancreatic islet β C-peptide, an important indicator of cellular function, has multiple biological functions and potential clinical applications.
C-PEPTIDE and insulin synthesis and secretion
C-peptide and insulin coexist in equal molecular numbers within the proinsulin molecule and are jointly released into the bloodstream. In the pancreas β In cells, proinsulin is first cleaved into C-peptide and insulin by enzymes, and then both enter the bloodstream through equimolar secretion. Therefore, the level of C-peptide can reflect the pancreatic islets β The ability of cells to synthesize and release insulin has become an important indicator for evaluating pancreatic function.
(1) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes
The determination of serum C-peptide level is helpful to the classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes due to pancreatic islets β Cell function is severely damaged, and C-peptide levels are usually low; In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic islets β Cellular function still exists, and C-peptide levels may be normal or slightly elevated. Therefore, the detection of C-peptide is helpful to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and provide basis for the formulation of clinical treatment plans.
(2) Evaluate pancreatic islets β Cellular function
C-peptide levels can reflect pancreatic islets β The secretion function of cells. In patients with diabetes, pancreatic islets can be evaluated by dynamically monitoring the change of C-peptide level β The improvement or deterioration of cellular function, in order to adjust the treatment plan and improve the therapeutic effect.
(1) Guide insulin therapy
For patients with diabetes who need insulin treatment, C-peptide level can be used as a reference index to adjust insulin dosage. By monitoring C-peptide levels, doctors can develop personalized insulin treatment plans based on the patient's pancreatic function to avoid adverse reactions such as hypoglycemia.
(2) Predicting the risk of complications of diabetes
C-peptide levels may be associated with the risk of complications of diabetes. Studies have shown that low levels of C-peptide may be associated with an increased risk of complications such as diabetes retinopathy and diabetes nephropathy. Therefore, monitoring the level of C-peptide can predict the risk of complications of diabetes, take intervention measures in advance, and reduce the incidence of complications.
Other features of C-PEPTIDE
(1) Promote fat metabolism
C-peptide has a certain regulatory effect on fat metabolism. It can promote the oxidation and decomposition of fatty acids, reduce blood lipid levels, and help prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.
(2) Anti inflammatory effects
In recent years, research has found that C-peptide also has certain anti-inflammatory effects. It can inhibit the production and release of inflammatory factors, alleviate inflammatory reactions, and has certain potential value in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
5. New findings of C-PEPTIDE in clinical research
(3) Neuroprotective effect
C-peptide also has a certain protective effect on the nervous system. It can promote the growth and differentiation of neurons, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, and has certain significance for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases.
With the continuous deepening of research on C-peptide, new discoveries in clinical research are also emerging. For example, studies have shown that C-peptide may be closely related to the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cognitive impairment, and other diseases. These new findings provide broader prospects for the clinical application of C-peptide.
C Peptide, also known as C-peptide, is a peptide fragment produced during insulin synthesis and secretion. Due to its important biological functions and potential clinical applications, the synthesis of C-peptide has always been a research hotspot in the fields of biochemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry.
1. Laboratory synthesis method of C-PEPTIDE
The laboratory synthesis of C-peptides usually uses Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), which is an efficient and controllable peptide synthesis method. The core of the SPPS method is to connect amino acids one by one onto a solid-phase carrier, and through continuous repetition of this process, ultimately synthesize the target peptide. The following are the specific steps for C-peptide synthesis:
(1) Prepare solid-phase carrier
Solid phase carriers usually use polystyrene resin, which is connected with active groups such as chloromethyl and amino groups. These active groups can react with the carboxyl or amino groups of amino acids, thereby fixing the amino acids on the carrier.
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(2) Connect amino acids one by one
Starting from the N-terminus of the C-peptide, connect the amino acids one by one to the solid-phase carrier. This step is usually achieved through a reaction between the N-protective group of the amino acid (such as Boc or Fmoc) and the active group of the solid-phase carrier. After the reaction is completed, it is necessary to remove the protective group in order to connect the next amino acid.
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(3) Cyclic reaction
Repeat the above steps and connect the remaining amino acids one by one to the peptide chains already connected to the carrier. For each amino acid connected, a protective group removal and washing operation is required to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of the reaction.
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(4) Cutting peptides from solid-phase carriers
After all amino acids are connected, the peptide is cleaved from the solid-phase carrier using specific cleavage reagents. This step usually involves using reagents such as strong acids or bases.
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(5) Purification and characterization
The synthesized peptides were purified by methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to remove impurities and unreacted amino acids. Then, the purified peptide was characterized using techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to confirm its structure and purity.
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2. The chemical equation for the synthesis of C-PEPTIDE
Taking the solid-phase peptide synthesis method as an example, the chemical equation for C Peptide synthesis can be expressed as a series of cumulative reactions. Here, a simplified chemical equation for one of the typical steps is presented to illustrate the basic principle of C-peptide synthesis.
Assuming that the C-peptide sequence we want to synthesize is Ala Val Pro Gln Gly, the first step is to connect the first amino acid (alanine) to the solid-phase carrier:
Solid phase carrier-CH2Cl+Ala-OH → Solid phase carrier-CH2-Ala
Step 2: Connect the second amino acid (valine):
Solid phase carrier-CH2-Ala+Val-OH → Solid phase carrier-CH2-Ala Val
C-Peptide, also known as linker peptide, is secreted by pancreatic beta cells and shares a common precursor with insulin, proinsulin. Insulin precursor is cleaved into one molecule of insulin and one molecule of C-peptide, so the molar amount of C-peptide and self insulin is consistent. Because C-peptide is not easily degraded by the liver, measuring C-peptide is equivalent to measuring insulin content, which can accurately reflect the function of pancreatic islet cells. During the oral glucose tolerance test, blood can be drawn to measure serum C-peptide levels at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after fasting blood glucose load. In normal individuals, C-peptide levels increase to more than three times baseline levels after 60 minutes of glucose intake. The level of C-peptide in type 1 diabetes is extremely low, and the increase of C-peptide after meal in patients with impaired islet function is often less than three times. For patients receiving insulin therapy, measuring blood insulin levels cannot evaluate their own pancreatic beta cell function. C-peptide levels can be measured to evaluate their own pancreatic beta cell function.
Storage
The storage method of C Peptide needs to ensure its stability and activity. The following are suggestions for the storage method of C-Peptide based on different sources:
1.Basic storage conditions
- Temperature: It is usually recommended to store in a sealed and dark environment at 2 ℃ and 8 ℃. This is to maintain its biological activity and stability. If it is not needed for a long time, refrigeration at -15 ℃ -20 ℃ can be considered to further extend its storage time.
- Avoid light: This substance is sensitive to light, so it should be stored in a sealed container and placed in a dark environment.
2.Storage after opening
Period of validity
The expiration date for unopened products may vary depending on the brand and manufacturer, but can usually be found in the product manual or label. After opening, the expiration date may be shortened depending on the characteristics and storage conditions of the product. Some products may have a shelf life of no less than 28 days after opening.
Storage precautions
After opening, the product should be used as soon as possible and stored strictly according to the instructions in the product manual. If the product needs to be used at multiple time points, it can be considered to pack it into small containers to reduce the impact of each opening on the product.
3.Storage in specific application scenarios
C-peptide in the reagent kit
If the substance is used as part of a reagent kit, it should be stored strictly according to the storage conditions of the kit. For example, some C-peptide assay kits may require storage in an environment with corrosive gases at 2 ° C to 8 ° C, and specify expiration dates for unopened and opened products.
C-peptide in different samples
In the laboratory, it may be extracted from various samples such as serum, plasma, urine, etc. The storage conditions of these samples will also affect the stability of the substance. For example, serum or plasma samples are usually recommended to be stored at -20 ℃ or -80 ℃ for a longer period of time to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
4.Summary of Storage Precautions
- Ensure that it is stored within the recommended storage temperature range.
- Avoid exposing it to direct sunlight or high temperature environments.
- After opening, the product should be used as soon as possible and stored strictly according to the product manual.
- If it is extracted from a sample, it should be ensured that the storage conditions of the sample meet the stability requirements of the material.
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