Thymosin A1 CAS 62304-98-7

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Thymosin A1 (Tα1) is a natural immunomodulatory peptide consisting of 28 amino acids, which was initially isolated from the thymus tissue. As a biological response regulator, it regulates innate and adaptive immune responses by activating Toll-like receptors (TLR) and enhancing the function of dendritic cells.
Core functions include:
Immune enhancement: Promotes T cell differentiation, NK cell activation and secretion of cytokines (such as IFN-γ, IL-2);
Anti-infection: Acts as an adjunctive treatment for chronic hepatitis B, COVID-19 and other viral infections, reducing the risk of severe conditions;
Anti-tumor adjuvant therapy: Combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy can improve the immune microenvironment (such as in lung cancer and melanoma);
Anti-aging intervention: Repairing age-related thymus atrophy and immune deficiency.
For clinical use, it requires subcutaneous injection and has a half-life of approximately 2 hours. It is safe with rare cases of mild fever or injection site reactions. It has been approved by several countries (such as Italy and China), but has not yet been approved by the FDA and is still a research drug. It is contraindicated for patients with autoimmune diseases.

Thymosin a1 (Thymalfasin) It is an immune regulatory peptide produced by the thymus gland and plays a crucial role in the development of the thymus gland and the normal operation of the immune system. In addition, T α 1 has also been widely studied and applied in the treatment of various diseases.

1. Treatment of infectious diseases

T α 1 was first discovered in the 1970s and is a biologically active substance with immune regulatory functions. It can enhance the immunity of the body to fight against various infectious diseases. By activating T lymphocytes and macrophages, the body's resistance to infections such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi is enhanced. In experimental infection studies, T α 1. It has inhibitory effects on various viruses, such as influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, coxsackie virus, etc. Meanwhile, T α It can also enhance the antibacterial effect of antibiotics and improve the treatment effect of infections.

2. Tumor treatment

T α The anti-tumor effect of 1 is also one of its important uses. It can regulate the body's immune function, activate anti-tumor immune responses, and have inhibitory effects on various tumor cells. In laboratory research, T α It can significantly inhibit the growth of malignant melanoma, colon cancer, breast cancer and other tumors, and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. In addition, T α It can also enhance the anti-tumor effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

3. Treatment of autoimmune diseases

T α It also has a certain therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, T α 1 can regulate immune response, reduce inflammatory damage, and alleviate disease symptoms. Research has shown that T α 1 can reduce the pain level and inflammatory activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and improve their quality of life.

4. Other uses

In addition to the above purposes, T α 1 is also being studied and used in other fields. For example, T α 1 can promote fracture healing, participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by regulating immune responses, and serve as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance the immune effect of the vaccine.

4.1 Regulating immune response: Fracture healing is a complex biological process that includes inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition. T α 1 can regulate immune response, promote inflammatory response and cell proliferation during fracture healing process.

4.2 Promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts: Osteoblasts are one of the most important cells in the process of fracture healing, responsible for the formation of callus at the fracture end and the remodeling of bone tissue. T α 1 can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, thereby accelerating the process of fracture healing.

4.3 Promoting angiogenesis: Fracture healing requires angiogenesis and remodeling to provide nutrition and oxygen supply, as well as to eliminate metabolic waste. T α 1 can promote angiogenesis and provide necessary blood supply for fracture healing.

4.4 Promoting the deposition of extracellular matrix: During fracture healing, a large amount of extracellular matrix, including bone matrix and fiber matrix, needs to be formed. T α 1 can promote the deposition of extracellular matrix, thereby providing necessary structural support for fracture healing.

Thymosin α 1 (T α 1) Fracture healing can be promoted through various mechanisms such as regulating immune responses, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, promoting angiogenesis, and promoting the deposition of extracellular matrix. However, further clinical studies are needed to validate T α The practical application effect of 1 in fracture healing.

Thymosin a1 (Thymalfasin) It is an immune regulatory peptide produced by the thymus gland and has various biological activities. Laboratory synthesis T α There are two main methods of 1: chemical synthesis and genetic engineering. The following are the detailed steps and corresponding chemical equations for these two methods:

Chemical synthesis method:

Chemical synthesis method is the gradual synthesis of starting materials and required peptide chains using organic chemical reactions.

Reaction steps:

(1) Dissolve 2 and 3 in anhydrous dichloromethane, add DCC and HOBt, stir at room temperature for 2 hours, wash the reaction solution with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, then wash with water to separate the organic layer, dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate, distill and collect the fraction with a boiling point of 78 ℃/10mm Hg to obtain 5.

(2) Dissolve 4 in anhydrous pyridine, add ethyl magnesium bromide, stir for 1 hour, add 5 pyridine solution, stir for 2 hours, add ammonium chloride, and stir for 1 hour. The reaction solution is extracted three times with ether, the organic layer is washed three times with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and then washed three times with water. Dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and distill to collect a fraction with a boiling point of 89 ℃/10mm Hg to obtain the target product thymosin α 1.

Genetic engineering method:

The genetic engineering method involves synthesizing Thymosin a1 The gene sequence of 1 is transcribed into a vector, and then T is synthesized through the expression vector α Method of 1. This method involves steps such as gene sequence design, synthesis, transcription, and expression, and is relatively complex.

1. Firstly, it is necessary to design and synthesize T α 1 gene sequence. According to T α Design and synthesize corresponding gene sequences based on the amino acid sequence and structural characteristics of 1. Generally, artificial synthesis is used to synthesize the required gene fragments into a single strand of DNA.

2. Then, the synthesized gene sequence is transcribed into the vector. Combine the synthesized DNA single strand with the vector DNA to construct an expression vector. This step usually uses DNA recombination technology to insert the gene sequence into a specific location in the expression vector.

3. Next, transform the expression vector into the host cell and express T α 1. Introduce the constructed expression vector into the host cell to express thymalfasin. This step usually uses cell culture technology to control the growth conditions of host cells and promote T α Expression of 1.

4. Finally, extract and purify T α 1. Extracting Expressed T from Host Cells α 1. After a series of purification steps, high-purity T was obtained α 1 Product.

Thymosin A1 is a small molecular weight protein molecule secreted by the human thymus and circulating normally in the human bloodstream, with immunomodulatory effects. Regarding its side effects, based on existing clinical data and experience, they can be summarized as follows:

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